OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE: CENTRAL HEATING PLANTS
Record of Changes - 3_410_060002
FOREWORD - 3_410_060003
CONTENTS - 3_410_060004
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION - 3_410_060005
APPENDIX A. MIL-HDBK 1125/1 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE: CENTRAL HEATING PLANTS
MILITARY HANDBOOK MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION OF CENTRAL HEATING PLANTS
FOREWORD - 3_410_060009
CONTENTS - 3_410_060011
CONTENTS-continued - 3_410_060012
CONTENTS-continued - 3_410_060013
CONTENTS-continued - 3_410_060014
CONTENTS-continued - 3_410_060015
CONTENTS-continued - 3_410_060016
CONTENTS-continued - 3_410_060017
CONTENTS-continued - 3_410_060018
CONTENTS-continued - 3_410_060019
FIGURES-continued - 3_410_060020
FIGURES-continued - 3_410_060021
FIGURES-continued - 3_410_060022
TABLES - 3_410_060023
Section 1. INTRODUCTION - 3_410_060024
Section 2. CENTRAL BOILER PLANTS
Comparison of High Temperature Water and Steam
Figure 1. 100-psi Steam Heat Balance
Heat Balance for a High Temperature Water (HTW) System
Stored Thermal Energy
Equipment - 3_410_060030
Air Handling Equipment
Elementary Combustion Principles
Oil
Table 1. Classification of Coal
Table 2. Standard Specification for Fuel Oils
Table 3. Range of Analyses of Fuel Oils
Combustion
Chemical Reactions
Air Requirements
Combustion of Coal
Combustion of Oil
Soot and Smoke
Flue Gas Analysis and Temperature
Boiler Efficiency
Figure 4. Heat Balance of Steam Generator
Table 4. Conbustion Efficiency for Natural Gas
Table 5. Combustion Efficiency for No. 2 Oil
Table 6. Combustion Efficiency for No. 6 Oil
Table 7. Combustion Efficiency for Coal, 3.5 Percent Moisture, Bituminous
Table 8. Combustion Efficiency for Coal, 9.0 Percent Moisture, Bituminous
Central Boiler Plant Efficiency
Principles of Steam and Hot Water Generation
Table 9. Water/Steam Characteristics
Heat Transfer
Gas Flow Considerations
Heat Transfer to Boiler Tubes nd Water by Convection
Figure 6. Water Circulation
Maintaining Clean Boiler Tubes
Figure 7. Effects of Soot and Scale on Heat Transfer
Section 3. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
Fabrication - 3_410_060061
Fire Tube Boilers
Figure 8. Four-Pass Scotch Boiler
Figure 10. Horizontal Return Tubular Boiler
Water Tube Boilers - 3_410_060065
Refractory Furnaces
Figure 13. Waterwall Construction
Steam Drum Internals
Package Boilers
Figure 15. Superheater in Two-Drum Boiler
Figure 16. Package Boiler Configurations
Economizers - 3_410_060072
Figure 18. Hot Water End Uses
Figure 20. Bare Tube Economizer
Figure 21. Extended Surface Economizer
Boiler Accessories and Fittings
Figure 23. Tubular Air Heater
Gage Glass, Gage Cocks
Water Columns - 3_410_060079
Safety Valves - 3_410_060080
Types of Safety Valves
Figure 26. Safety Valve Installation
Safety Valve Capacity
Boiler Outlet Valves
Figure 29. Nonreturn Check Valve
Blowoff Valves and Piping
Soot Blowers - 3_410_060087
Mechanical Soot Blowers
Fuel-Handling and Combustion Equipment
Underfeed Stokers
Hoppers
Figure 32. Screw-Fed Single-Retort Stoker
Spreader Stokers
Feed Mechanism
Figure 33. Power Dump Grate Spreader Stoker
Figure 34. Chain-Type Overfeed Spreader
Traveling Grate and Chain Grate Stoker
Vibrating Stokers
Pulverizers
Types of Pulverizers
Figure 37. Bowl Mill
Figure 38. Ball Race
Fluidized Bed
Coal-Handling Equipment - 3_410_060104
Coal Handling in Plant
Figure 41. Coal Handling System
Figure 42. Types of Bucket Elevators
Ash Handling Equipment
Pneumatic Ash Handling
Hydraulic Ash Handling
Oil-Firing Equipment
Figure 46. Steam Atomizer
Types of Burners
Figure 47. Register Burner
Oil Storage and Handling
Fuel Oil Preparation
Figure 50. Fuel Oil Pumping and Heating Equipment
Figure 51. Safety Equipment, Fuel Oil-Fired Water Tube Boiler
Figure 52. Safety Equipment, Gas- and Oil-Fired Water Tube Boiler
Controls and Instrumentation
Figure 53. Safety-Equipment, Natural Gas-Fired Water Tube Boiler
Feedwater-Drum Level Controls
Thermostatic
Figure 55. Vapor-Generator/Thermohydraulic Feedwater Regulator
Drum Level Transmitter
Pneumatic Transmitter/Controller
Table 10. Feedwater Control Symbols
Combustion Controls - 3_410_060128
Control Concepts
Figure 59. Control Valve With Pneumatic Actuator
Figure 60. Control Valve With Pneumatic Actuator and Positioner
Figure 61. Steam Pressure Control System
Figure 62. Proportional Control
Figure 63. Proportional Response
Controls for Stoker-Fired Boilers
Figure 65. Parallel Positioning Control System
Controls for Oil- and Gas-Fired Boilers
Figure 66. Series/Parallel Control
Figure 68. Parallel Metering Control
Boiler Safety Control
Control Logic
Low Water Fuel Cutoff
Figure 70. Electronic Programing Control in a Boiler Panel
Figure 71. Float/Magnet Low Water Fuel Cutoff
Figure 72. Resistive Type Low Water Fuel Cutoff
Figure 75. Temperature Switch
Flame Scanners
Additional Controls and Instrumentation
Figure 78. Direct-Acting Temperature Regulator
Pressure Controls
Pilot-Operated Pressure-Reducing Valve
Diaphragm Pressure-Reducing Valve
Figure 81. Diaphragm Actuator Pressure-Reducing Valve
Differential Pressure-Reducing Valve
Figure 83. Differential Pressure-Reducing Valve
Flow Meters
Differential Pressure Meters (Orifice)
Figure 85. Orifice, Flow Nozzle, and Venturi
Figure 86. Steam Flow Recorder
Figure 87. Pneumatic Differential Pressure Transmitter
Figure 89. Vortex Shedding Phenomenon
Figure 90. Positive Displacement Meter
Pressure Gages
Draft Gages
Figure 92. Bourdon Tube Pressure Gage
Figure 94. Inclined/U-Tube Manometer
Flue Gas Analyzers
Figure 96. Zirconium Oxyde Oxygen Analyzer
Pollution Control Equipment
Point Source Regulations
Types of Pollutants and Control Methods
Table 11. Comparison of NOx Reduction Techniques
Table 12. Performance Characteristics of Flue-Gas Desulfurization Systems
Particulate
Pollutants From Oil
Mechanical Collectors - 3_410_060176
Figure 98. Medium Efficiency Cyclone Configuration
Figure 99. Multicyclone Configuration
Collection Efficiency of Cyclones
Pressure Drop and Energy Requirements
Cyclone Performance
Fabric Filters
Filter Cleaning Methods
Figure 101. Reverse Flow Baghouse
Energy Requirements
Electrostatic Precipitators - 3_410_060186
Figure 103. Electrostatic Precipitator
Precipitator Location
Wet Scrubbers
Feedwater Heaters
Installation - 3_410_060191
Figure 106A. Maintain Proper Slope to Suction Line
Centrifugal Pumps - 3_410_060193
Figure 107. Centrifugal Pump
Operation - 3_410_060195
Reciprocating Piston Pumps
Rotary Positive Displacement Pumps
Figure 109. Two Methods of Providing Lost Motion
Figure 110A. Rotary Screw Pumps
Jet Pumps/Injectors
Figure 111. Steam Injector
Boiler Feed Pumps
Forces Draft (FD) Fans
Figure 112. Forced Draft Fan With Inlet Damper
Figure 115. Fan Curve for Fan With Outlet Damper
Induced Draft (ID) Fans
Steam Turbines
Electric Motors - 3_410_060208
Variable Speed Drives - 3_410_060209
Air Dryers
Steam Traps - 3_410_060211
Float and Thermostatic Steam Traps
Disc/Thermodynamic Steam Traps
Figure 119. Disc/Thermodynamic Steam Trap
Piping Systems - 3_410_060215
Materials - 3_410_060216
Table 17. Piping Codes and Standards for Boiler Plants
Table 18. Typical Piping Material Applications
Fittings and Joints
Figure 121. Standard Hanger Types for Piping Systems
Valves - 3_410_060221
Figure 122. Solid Wedge Disc Gate Valve
Figure 123. Single-Port Globe Valve
Figure 124. Nonlubricated Plug Valve
Figure 125. Butterfly Valve
Figure 126A. Swing Check Valve
Insulation - 3_410_060227
Section 4. OPERATION
Applicable Codes - 3_410_060229
Water Column and Gage Glass - 3_410_060230
Stoker Firing Coal
Gas Firing
Placing a High Pressure Steam Boiler in Service
Placing a Hot Water Boiler in Service
Procedure for a Single Boiler-continued
Operating Adjustments and Procedures
Controlling Feedwater
Water Column and Gage Glass - 3_410_060238
Adjustment
Blowoff Lines
Coal Firing Procedures
Hand-Firing - Alternative Method
Underfeed Stoker Firing
Spreader Stoker Firing
Traveling Grate Stoker Firing
Air Control
Oil Firing Procedures
Oil Temperature at Burner
Figure 127. Oil Viscosity Versus Temperature
Gas-Firing Procedures
Combustion Controls - 3_410_060251
Figure 128. Smoke Density Versus Percent Oxygen
Boiler Safety Controls - 3_410_060253
Operating Centrifugal Pumps in Parallel
Operation - 3_410_060255
Fans - 3_410_060256
Emergency Procedure - Abnormal Water Level
Emergency Procedure - Boiler Tube Failure
Procedure for Stoker-Fired Boilers
Emergency Procedure - Fan Failure
Removing a Boiler From Service
Optimizing Central Plant Efficiency
Setting Leaks
Optimizing Boiler Efficiency
Reduce Radiation Losses
Optimizing Central Boiler Plant Efficiency
Plant Building Conservation
Distribution System Effects on Plant Efficiency
Section 5. INSPECTION AND PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
Predictive Maintenance
Responsibility
Utilities Inspection and Service Records
Figure 131. Hot Water Heating Boiler Log
Figure 132. Steam Heating Boiler Log
Data Entry
Assignment of Work
Tools
Special Supplies
Boilers
Quarterly
Annually-continued
Preparation for annual inspection-continued
Economizers - 3_410_060283
Water Columns - 3_410_060284
Safety Valves - 3_410_060285
Soot Blowers - 3_410_060286
Inspect the complete stoker
Pulverized Coal Equipment
Bowl Mills
Ball-Race Pulverizer
Attrition Pulverizer
Coal-Handling Equipment - 3_410_060292
Semiannually
Ash-Handling Equipment
Oil-Handling Equipment
Gas Burners - 3_410_060296
Combustion Controls - 3_410_060297
Boiler Safety Controls - 3_410_060298
Mechanical Collectors - 3_410_060299
Zeolite Water Softeners
Hot Lime-Soda Softeners
Deaerating Heaters and Deaerators
Pumps - 3_410_060303
Centrifugal Pumps - 3_410_060304
Reciprocating Pumps
Annually - 3_410_060306
Steam Injectors
Annually - 3_410_060308
Air Compressors
Steam Traps - 3_410_060310
Electric Motors - 3_410_060311
Forced Draft (FD) and Induced Draft (ID) Fans
Command Inspections
Procedures - 3_410_060314
APPENDIX A. HEAT BALANCE CALCULATIONS
The following steam table enthalphies in Btu/lb
Condensate return to the central boiler plant
15-psig Steam Heat Balance
Figure A-2. 15-psig Steam Heat Balance
Percent energy in flash steam
High Temperature Water (HTW) Heat Balance
Figure A-3. High Temeprature Water (HTW) Heat Balance
Energy added to water is calculated
BIBLIOGRAPHY - 3_410_060324
NON-GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS - 3_410_060325
REFERENCES - 3_410_060326
REFERENCES-continued - 3_410_060327
REFERENCES-continued - 3_410_060328
GLOSSARY - 3_410_060329
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060330
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060331
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060332
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060333
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060334
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060335
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060336
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060337
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060338
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060339
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060340
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060341
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060342
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060343
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060344
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060345
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060346
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060347
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060348
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060349
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060350
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060351
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060352
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060353
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060354
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060355
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060356
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060357
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060358
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060359
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060360
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060361
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060362
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060363
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060364
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060365
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060366
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060367
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060368
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060369
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060370
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060371
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060372
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060373
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060374
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060375
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060376
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060377
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060378
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060379
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060380
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060381
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060382
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060383
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060384
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060385
STANDARDIZATION DOCUMENT IMPROVEMENT PROPOSAL - 3_410_060386
3_410_06
Record of Changes - 3_410_060002
FOREWORD - 3_410_060003
CONTENTS - 3_410_060004
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION - 3_410_060005
APPENDIX A. MIL-HDBK 1125/1 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE: CENTRAL HEATING PLANTS
MILITARY HANDBOOK MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION OF CENTRAL HEATING PLANTS
FOREWORD - 3_410_060009
CONTENTS - 3_410_060011
CONTENTS-continued - 3_410_060012
CONTENTS-continued - 3_410_060013
CONTENTS-continued - 3_410_060014
CONTENTS-continued - 3_410_060015
CONTENTS-continued - 3_410_060016
CONTENTS-continued - 3_410_060017
CONTENTS-continued - 3_410_060018
CONTENTS-continued - 3_410_060019
FIGURES-continued - 3_410_060020
FIGURES-continued - 3_410_060021
FIGURES-continued - 3_410_060022
TABLES - 3_410_060023
Section 1. INTRODUCTION - 3_410_060024
Section 2. CENTRAL BOILER PLANTS
Comparison of High Temperature Water and Steam
Figure 1. 100-psi Steam Heat Balance
Heat Balance for a High Temperature Water (HTW) System
Stored Thermal Energy
Equipment - 3_410_060030
Air Handling Equipment
Elementary Combustion Principles
Oil
Table 1. Classification of Coal
Table 2. Standard Specification for Fuel Oils
Table 3. Range of Analyses of Fuel Oils
Combustion
Chemical Reactions
Air Requirements
Combustion of Coal
Combustion of Oil
Soot and Smoke
Flue Gas Analysis and Temperature
Boiler Efficiency
Figure 4. Heat Balance of Steam Generator
Table 4. Conbustion Efficiency for Natural Gas
Table 5. Combustion Efficiency for No. 2 Oil
Table 6. Combustion Efficiency for No. 6 Oil
Table 7. Combustion Efficiency for Coal, 3.5 Percent Moisture, Bituminous
Table 8. Combustion Efficiency for Coal, 9.0 Percent Moisture, Bituminous
Central Boiler Plant Efficiency
Principles of Steam and Hot Water Generation
Table 9. Water/Steam Characteristics
Heat Transfer
Gas Flow Considerations
Heat Transfer to Boiler Tubes nd Water by Convection
Figure 6. Water Circulation
Maintaining Clean Boiler Tubes
Figure 7. Effects of Soot and Scale on Heat Transfer
Section 3. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
Fabrication - 3_410_060061
Fire Tube Boilers
Figure 8. Four-Pass Scotch Boiler
Figure 10. Horizontal Return Tubular Boiler
Water Tube Boilers - 3_410_060065
Refractory Furnaces
Figure 13. Waterwall Construction
Steam Drum Internals
Package Boilers
Figure 15. Superheater in Two-Drum Boiler
Figure 16. Package Boiler Configurations
Economizers - 3_410_060072
Figure 18. Hot Water End Uses
Figure 20. Bare Tube Economizer
Figure 21. Extended Surface Economizer
Boiler Accessories and Fittings
Figure 23. Tubular Air Heater
Gage Glass, Gage Cocks
Water Columns - 3_410_060079
Safety Valves - 3_410_060080
Types of Safety Valves
Figure 26. Safety Valve Installation
Safety Valve Capacity
Boiler Outlet Valves
Figure 29. Nonreturn Check Valve
Blowoff Valves and Piping
Soot Blowers - 3_410_060087
Mechanical Soot Blowers
Fuel-Handling and Combustion Equipment
Underfeed Stokers
Hoppers
Figure 32. Screw-Fed Single-Retort Stoker
Spreader Stokers
Feed Mechanism
Figure 33. Power Dump Grate Spreader Stoker
Figure 34. Chain-Type Overfeed Spreader
Traveling Grate and Chain Grate Stoker
Vibrating Stokers
Pulverizers
Types of Pulverizers
Figure 37. Bowl Mill
Figure 38. Ball Race
Fluidized Bed
Coal-Handling Equipment - 3_410_060104
Coal Handling in Plant
Figure 41. Coal Handling System
Figure 42. Types of Bucket Elevators
Ash Handling Equipment
Pneumatic Ash Handling
Hydraulic Ash Handling
Oil-Firing Equipment
Figure 46. Steam Atomizer
Types of Burners
Figure 47. Register Burner
Oil Storage and Handling
Fuel Oil Preparation
Figure 50. Fuel Oil Pumping and Heating Equipment
Figure 51. Safety Equipment, Fuel Oil-Fired Water Tube Boiler
Figure 52. Safety Equipment, Gas- and Oil-Fired Water Tube Boiler
Controls and Instrumentation
Figure 53. Safety-Equipment, Natural Gas-Fired Water Tube Boiler
Feedwater-Drum Level Controls
Thermostatic
Figure 55. Vapor-Generator/Thermohydraulic Feedwater Regulator
Drum Level Transmitter
Pneumatic Transmitter/Controller
Table 10. Feedwater Control Symbols
Combustion Controls - 3_410_060128
Control Concepts
Figure 59. Control Valve With Pneumatic Actuator
Figure 60. Control Valve With Pneumatic Actuator and Positioner
Figure 61. Steam Pressure Control System
Figure 62. Proportional Control
Figure 63. Proportional Response
Controls for Stoker-Fired Boilers
Figure 65. Parallel Positioning Control System
Controls for Oil- and Gas-Fired Boilers
Figure 66. Series/Parallel Control
Figure 68. Parallel Metering Control
Boiler Safety Control
Control Logic
Low Water Fuel Cutoff
Figure 70. Electronic Programing Control in a Boiler Panel
Figure 71. Float/Magnet Low Water Fuel Cutoff
Figure 72. Resistive Type Low Water Fuel Cutoff
Figure 75. Temperature Switch
Flame Scanners
Additional Controls and Instrumentation
Figure 78. Direct-Acting Temperature Regulator
Pressure Controls
Pilot-Operated Pressure-Reducing Valve
Diaphragm Pressure-Reducing Valve
Figure 81. Diaphragm Actuator Pressure-Reducing Valve
Differential Pressure-Reducing Valve
Figure 83. Differential Pressure-Reducing Valve
Flow Meters
Differential Pressure Meters (Orifice)
Figure 85. Orifice, Flow Nozzle, and Venturi
Figure 86. Steam Flow Recorder
Figure 87. Pneumatic Differential Pressure Transmitter
Figure 89. Vortex Shedding Phenomenon
Figure 90. Positive Displacement Meter
Pressure Gages
Draft Gages
Figure 92. Bourdon Tube Pressure Gage
Figure 94. Inclined/U-Tube Manometer
Flue Gas Analyzers
Figure 96. Zirconium Oxyde Oxygen Analyzer
Pollution Control Equipment
Point Source Regulations
Types of Pollutants and Control Methods
Table 11. Comparison of NOx Reduction Techniques
Table 12. Performance Characteristics of Flue-Gas Desulfurization Systems
Particulate
Pollutants From Oil
Mechanical Collectors - 3_410_060176
Figure 98. Medium Efficiency Cyclone Configuration
Figure 99. Multicyclone Configuration
Collection Efficiency of Cyclones
Pressure Drop and Energy Requirements
Cyclone Performance
Fabric Filters
Filter Cleaning Methods
Figure 101. Reverse Flow Baghouse
Energy Requirements
Electrostatic Precipitators - 3_410_060186
Figure 103. Electrostatic Precipitator
Precipitator Location
Wet Scrubbers
Feedwater Heaters
Installation - 3_410_060191
Figure 106A. Maintain Proper Slope to Suction Line
Centrifugal Pumps - 3_410_060193
Figure 107. Centrifugal Pump
Operation - 3_410_060195
Reciprocating Piston Pumps
Rotary Positive Displacement Pumps
Figure 109. Two Methods of Providing Lost Motion
Figure 110A. Rotary Screw Pumps
Jet Pumps/Injectors
Figure 111. Steam Injector
Boiler Feed Pumps
Forces Draft (FD) Fans
Figure 112. Forced Draft Fan With Inlet Damper
Figure 115. Fan Curve for Fan With Outlet Damper
Induced Draft (ID) Fans
Steam Turbines
Electric Motors - 3_410_060208
Variable Speed Drives - 3_410_060209
Air Dryers
Steam Traps - 3_410_060211
Float and Thermostatic Steam Traps
Disc/Thermodynamic Steam Traps
Figure 119. Disc/Thermodynamic Steam Trap
Piping Systems - 3_410_060215
Materials - 3_410_060216
Table 17. Piping Codes and Standards for Boiler Plants
Table 18. Typical Piping Material Applications
Fittings and Joints
Figure 121. Standard Hanger Types for Piping Systems
Valves - 3_410_060221
Figure 122. Solid Wedge Disc Gate Valve
Figure 123. Single-Port Globe Valve
Figure 124. Nonlubricated Plug Valve
Figure 125. Butterfly Valve
Figure 126A. Swing Check Valve
Insulation - 3_410_060227
Section 4. OPERATION
Applicable Codes - 3_410_060229
Water Column and Gage Glass - 3_410_060230
Stoker Firing Coal
Gas Firing
Placing a High Pressure Steam Boiler in Service
Placing a Hot Water Boiler in Service
Procedure for a Single Boiler-continued
Operating Adjustments and Procedures
Controlling Feedwater
Water Column and Gage Glass - 3_410_060238
Adjustment
Blowoff Lines
Coal Firing Procedures
Hand-Firing - Alternative Method
Underfeed Stoker Firing
Spreader Stoker Firing
Traveling Grate Stoker Firing
Air Control
Oil Firing Procedures
Oil Temperature at Burner
Figure 127. Oil Viscosity Versus Temperature
Gas-Firing Procedures
Combustion Controls - 3_410_060251
Figure 128. Smoke Density Versus Percent Oxygen
Boiler Safety Controls - 3_410_060253
Operating Centrifugal Pumps in Parallel
Operation - 3_410_060255
Fans - 3_410_060256
Emergency Procedure - Abnormal Water Level
Emergency Procedure - Boiler Tube Failure
Procedure for Stoker-Fired Boilers
Emergency Procedure - Fan Failure
Removing a Boiler From Service
Optimizing Central Plant Efficiency
Setting Leaks
Optimizing Boiler Efficiency
Reduce Radiation Losses
Optimizing Central Boiler Plant Efficiency
Plant Building Conservation
Distribution System Effects on Plant Efficiency
Section 5. INSPECTION AND PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
Predictive Maintenance
Responsibility
Utilities Inspection and Service Records
Figure 131. Hot Water Heating Boiler Log
Figure 132. Steam Heating Boiler Log
Data Entry
Assignment of Work
Tools
Special Supplies
Boilers
Quarterly
Annually-continued
Preparation for annual inspection-continued
Economizers - 3_410_060283
Water Columns - 3_410_060284
Safety Valves - 3_410_060285
Soot Blowers - 3_410_060286
Inspect the complete stoker
Pulverized Coal Equipment
Bowl Mills
Ball-Race Pulverizer
Attrition Pulverizer
Coal-Handling Equipment - 3_410_060292
Semiannually
Ash-Handling Equipment
Oil-Handling Equipment
Gas Burners - 3_410_060296
Combustion Controls - 3_410_060297
Boiler Safety Controls - 3_410_060298
Mechanical Collectors - 3_410_060299
Zeolite Water Softeners
Hot Lime-Soda Softeners
Deaerating Heaters and Deaerators
Pumps - 3_410_060303
Centrifugal Pumps - 3_410_060304
Reciprocating Pumps
Annually - 3_410_060306
Steam Injectors
Annually - 3_410_060308
Air Compressors
Steam Traps - 3_410_060310
Electric Motors - 3_410_060311
Forced Draft (FD) and Induced Draft (ID) Fans
Command Inspections
Procedures - 3_410_060314
APPENDIX A. HEAT BALANCE CALCULATIONS
The following steam table enthalphies in Btu/lb
Condensate return to the central boiler plant
15-psig Steam Heat Balance
Figure A-2. 15-psig Steam Heat Balance
Percent energy in flash steam
High Temperature Water (HTW) Heat Balance
Figure A-3. High Temeprature Water (HTW) Heat Balance
Energy added to water is calculated
BIBLIOGRAPHY - 3_410_060324
NON-GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS - 3_410_060325
REFERENCES - 3_410_060326
REFERENCES-continued - 3_410_060327
REFERENCES-continued - 3_410_060328
GLOSSARY - 3_410_060329
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060330
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060331
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060332
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060333
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060334
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060335
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060336
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060337
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060338
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060339
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060340
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060341
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060342
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060343
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060344
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060345
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060346
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060347
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060348
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060349
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060350
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060351
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060352
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060353
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060354
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060355
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060356
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060357
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060358
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060359
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060360
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060361
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060362
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060363
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060364
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060365
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060366
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060367
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060368
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060369
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060370
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060371
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060372
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060373
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060374
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060375
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060376
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060377
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060378
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060379
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060380
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060381
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060382
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060383
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060384
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_410_060385
STANDARDIZATION DOCUMENT IMPROVEMENT PROPOSAL - 3_410_060386
3_410_06
