DESIGN: HYPERBARIC FACILITIES
Record of Changes - 4_159_010002
FOREWORD - 4_159_010003
CONTENTS - 4_159_010004
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION - 4_159_010005
APPENDIX A. DESIGN MANUAL 39 HYPERBARIC FACILITIES
CCB Application Notes - 4_159_010007
HYPERBARIC FACILITIES DESIGN MANUAL 39
CONTRIBUTORS
FOREWORD - 4_159_010014
CONTENTS - 4_159_010015
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010016
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010017
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010018
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010019
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010020
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010021
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010022
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010023
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010024
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010025
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010026
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010027
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010028
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010029
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010030
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010031
Figures - 4_159_010032
Figures-continued - 4_159_010033
Figures-continued - 4_159_010034
Figures-continued - 4_159_010035
Tables - 4_159_010036
CHAPTER 1. HYPERBARIC FACILITIES
PERSONNEL SAFETY
CHAPTER 2. HYPERBARIC PRESSURE VESSELS
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS-continued
MANUFACTURER'S DESIGN REPORT
USER'S DESIGN SPECIFICATION-continued
Section 2. MATERIALS FOR HYPERBARIC VESSELS
PRESSURE HULL/VESSEL MATERIALS
BOLTING MATERIAL
CLASS 2, Material of known properties
CLASS 3, Materials whose properties are to be proven
MATERIALS PERMITTED
MATERIAL TOUGHNESS
Figure 2-1. Typical Charpy Test Data on High Strength Steels
Figure 2-2. Typical NDT Specimen Performance at Different Temperatures when Tested to ASTM A-208
Figure 2-3. Typical Charpy V Impact Test Data
Figure 2-4. Crack Arrest Curve Overlayed to Demonstrate the Residual Stress Pattern Associated With Weldment
Figure 2-5. Toughness Relative to Direction of Rolling and Effect of Rolling Ratio of High Strength Steels
Figure 2-6. Toughness Relative to Direction of Rolling of Aluminum Alloy Plates
CORROSION CONSIDERATIONS
CORROSION CONSIDERATIONS-continued
Section 3. DESIGN
Experimental Methods
Stress Intensity Limits
Primary bending stress
Table 2-1. CLASSIFICATION OF TRESSES FOR SOME TYPICAL CASES
Table 2-1. CLASSIFICATION OF TRESSES FOR SOME TYPICAL CASES-continued - 4_159_010063
Table 2-1. CLASSIFICATION OF TRESSES FOR SOME TYPICAL CASES-continued - 4_159_010064
The amplitude of alternating stress intensity
Figure 2-7. Stress Categories and Limits of Stress Intensity
A hyperbaric vessel
Figure 2-8. Fatigue Design Curve for Low Carbon and Alloy Steels
NOTE - 4_159_010069
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS - 4_159_010070
Table 2-2. STRESS INTENSITY k FACTORS FOR VARIOUS LOAD COMBINATIONS
AD-160.1, "Operating Experience
Article D-5, "Openings and Their Reinforcement."
APPENDIX 3, "RULES FOR BOLTED FLANGE CONNECTIONS."
APPENDIX 6, "EXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS-continued
EXAMPLE OF DESIGN BY ANALYSIS AS APPLIED TO A SPHERICAL CHAMBER
Figure 2-9. Schematic of Proposed Class 1 Vessel
Materials and Initial Calculations
Support Skirt Compressive Stress
NOTE - 4_159_010080
Penetrations & Openings, Reinforcement
Penetrations & Openings, Reinforcement-continued
Inlet and Outlet Nozzles - 4_159_010083
Inlet and Outlet Nozzles-continued
Note - 4_159_010085
Figure 2-10. Details of Reinforcement for 4.0-Inch Nozzle
The inner corner radius
Viewport Mounting Ring
Figure 2-11. Details of Window Reinforcement
Door
Figure 2-12. Details of Reinforcement for 40.0-Inch-Diameter Penetration
Design of the flange
Figure 2-13. Details of Entranceway and Door
Stress Analysis
Method of Analysis
Figure 2-14. Model No.1 for Input to Computer Program
Figure 2-15. Model No. 2 for input to Computer Program
Figure 2-16. Model no. 3 for Input to Computer Program
Model No. 2
Figure 2-17. Details of 4.0-Inch Nozzle From Model No. 1
Figure 2-18. Some Maximum Stresses in Model No. 1
Categorization of Stress - 4_159_010102
Figure 2-19. Details of Geometric Model of the 40.0-Inch Entranceway Reinforcement
Figure 2-20. Some Maximum Stresses in Model No. 2
Figure 2-21. Some Maximum Stresses in Model No. 3
SIGMA PHI STRESSES
Stress Intensities
Stress Intensities-continued - 4_159_010108
Stress Intensities-continued - 4_159_010109
Stress Intensities-continued - 4_159_010110
Table 2-3. Maximum Stress Intensities in Model No. 1
Table 2-4. Maximum Stress Intensities in Model No. 2
Table 2-5. Maximum Stress Intensities in Model No. 3
Stress Index Method
Design Changes
Miscellaneous Considerations
EXAMPLE OF DESIGN BY ANALYSIS AS APPLIED TO A CYLINDRICAL CHAMBER
Minimum Shell Thickness
Inlet and Outlet Nozzles - 4_159_010119
Entranceway-continued
Figure 2-22. Configuration of 5.0-Inch Diameter Inlet and Outlet Nozzles
Figure 2-23. Detail of Shell, Viewport Penetration in Head and Entranceway
Hatch
Supports - 4_159_010124
Figure 2-24. Front View of Cylindrical Chamber
Method of Analysis-Symmetric Problems
Method of Analysis-Symmetric Problems-continued
Figure 2-27. Details of Viewport Penetration Reinforcement in Cylinder
Methods of Analysis-Nonsymmetric Problems
Methods of Analysis-Nonsymmetric Problems-continued
Figure 2-29. Circumferential Stress in Vessel at Hatch End
Figure 2-30. Meridional Stresses in Vessel at Hatch End
Figure 2-31. Computer Model and Stress Ouput for Hatch Cover
Categorization of Stress - 4_159_010134
Figure 2-32. Three Component Model of Viewport Penetration in Cylinder for Input to Computer
Figure 2-33. Hoop Stresses in Vicinity of Viewport Penetration in Cylinder
Stress Intensities-continued - 4_159_010137
REFERENCES - 4_159_010138
REFERENCES-continued - 4_159_010139
CHAPTER 3. APPURTENANCES
Figure 3-1. Flat Plate Viewport
Figure 3-3. Double Conical Frustum Window
Figure 3-5. Flat Window Pressure Sealing With Exterior Bolting
MATERIAL SELECTION - 4_159_010144
Figure 3-7. Commercially Available Glass Windows
FIELD OF VIEW CONSIDERATIONS
Figure 3-8. Refractive Effect of Flat Window
Figure 3-9. Limiting Aperture Locations on Various Viewport Configurations
Figure 3-10. Graphical Determination of Monocular and Binocular Viewing Fields in the Horizontal Plane
Physical Properties
Table 3-1. Specified Values of Physical Properties for Each Lot
Note 1-continued
Table 3-2. Specified Values of Physical Properties for Each Casting
WINDOW DESIGN - 4_159_010154
Figure 3-11. Standard Window Geometrics
STCP of an acrylic plastic window
Figure 3-12. Short Term Critical Pressure of Flat Disc Acrylic Windows to 7,250 psi
Figure 3-13. Short Term Critical Pressure of Flat Disc Acrylic Windows to 43,500 psi
Figure 3-14. Short Term Critical Pressure of Conical Frustum Acrylic Windows to 7,250 psi
Figure 3-15. Short Term Critical Pressure of Conical Frustum Acrylic Windows to 43,500 psi
Table 3-3. Conversion Factors for Acrylic Plastic Flat Disc Windows
Table 3-4. Conversion Factors for Acrylic Mastic
Table 3-5. Conical Frustum Windows for Design Pressures in Excess of 10,000 psi
For flat disc windows
WINDOW SEATS
Figure 3-16. Seat Cavity Requirements (Conical Frustum, Spherical Shell, and Flat Disc)
Figure 3-17. Seat Cavity Requirements (Double Beveled Disc)
WINDOW SEALS
DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES AND SURFACE FINISH-continued
FABRICATION OF WINDOWS
Table 3-6. Annealing Schedule for Acrylic Plastic Windows
PRESSURE TESTING OF WINDOWS
Section 2. DOORS AND CLOSURES
Figure 3-18. Typical Recompression Chamber Door
Figure 3-19. Typical Service Lock
Table 3-7. Standing Anatomical Dimensions
Table 3-8. Seated Anatomical Dimensions
Figure 3-20. Typical Recompression Chamber Entrance
CLOSING MECHANISMS
Figure 3-21. Breach Lock
Figure 3-22. Spring Clamps
Figure 3-23. Segmented Ring Closure
Figure 3-24. Swing Bolt Closure
Figure 3-25. Clamping Bar Closure
DOOR AND CLOSURE HINGES
Figure 3-26. Compound Hinges
Figure 3-27. Conventional Gasketed Closure
The threaded cap closure seal
Figure 3-29. Threaded Cap Closure
Figure 3-30. Threaded Plug Closure
Figure 3-31. Flat Face O-Ring Seal Suitable for High Pressure
Figure 3-32. Floating Ring Seal for High Pressures
Figure 3-33. O-Ring Sealed Penetrator Plug
DOOR AND CLOSURE LOCATION
Figure 3-34. Chamber Door with O-Ring in Dovetail Groove
Section 3. INTERIOR APPURTENANCES
REFERENCES - 4_159_010197
CHAPTER 4 FOUNDATIONS
SECTION 1. SITE SELECTION
SECTION 2. SUBSURFACE EVALUATION
LABORATORY TESTS
SECTION 3. FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
FOUNDATION TYPES
FOUNDATION TYPE SELECTION
SECTION 4. STRUCTURAL SUPPORTS
DESIGN PARAMETERS PECULIAR TO EACH MATERIAL
Reinforced Concrete-continued
SECTION 5. INSTALLATION IN EXISTING BUILDINGS
FOUNDATION TYPES-continued
STRUCTURAL SUPPORTS
REFERENCES - 4_159_010211
CHAPTER 5. PIPING
Table 5-1. Hyperbaric Facilities - Applicable Codes, Specifications, and Standards
SECTION 2. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
PROCEDURES-continued
Section 3. PIPING SYSTEM MATERIALS
Table 5-2. Class 1 Piping Materials
Justification of Class 3 Materials
MATERIAL COMPATIBILITY
Compatibility with Oxygen
Table 5-3. Oxygen Systems Contained in MIL-STD-777
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES
Section 4. CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS
Table 5-4. Wall Thickness for Bending
PIPE JOINTS
Brazing Qualification-continued
Flanged Joints/Bolted Flanges
Section 5. DESIGN GUIDANCE
Fluid Flow Approximations
Friction factor-continued
Figure 5-1. Friction Factors for Clean Commercial Steel and Wrought Iron Pipe
Equivalent pipe length
Figure 5-2. Resistance of Valves and Fittings
Table 5-5. Physical Properties of Gases
Table 5-6. Reasonable Velocities for the Flow of Water Through Pipe
Table 5-9. Flow of Water Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe
Table 5-10. Flow of Air Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe
Table 5-11. Commercial Wrought Steel Pipe Data
Table 5-11. Commercial Wrought Steel Pipe Data-continued
The total pressure drop
Approximation for Water, Low Flow
Approximation for Oxygen, Low Flow
Approximation for Helium, High Flow
Table 5-12. Typical Dimensions for Commercially Available Tubing
DESIGN FOR PRESSURE
Minimum Wall Thickness, Straight Pipe Under Internal Pressure
SYSTEM DETAILING AND FINAL FLOW ANALYSIS
Final Routing of Pipe and Selection of Supports and Anchors
Pipe Joint Seals
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Structural Design Specification-continued
Analysis Procedure for Category I and II Piping System
Category III and IV Piping Systems
NOISE CONSIDERATIONS
Acceptable Noise Levels
Noise Control
COLOR CODE FOR PIPING SYSTEMS
REFERENCES - 4_159_010258
REFERENCES-continued - 4_159_010259
CHAPTER 6. LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Figure 6-1. Percentage of Oxygen in Breathing Mixture as a Function of Depth and Oxygen Partial Pressure
Oxygen versus Depth Ranges
Contaminants
Figure 6-2. Limiting Percent of CO2 in Breathing Gas Mixture as a Function of Depth and CO2 Partial Pressure
Water Vapor
Figure 6-4. Linmiting Percent CO in Breathing Mixture as a Function of Depth and CO Partial Pressure
BREATHING GAS CONSUMPTION REQUIREMENTS
Figure 6-5. Total Hydrocarbons Allowed Vs. Dive Depth
Figure 6-7. Allowable Sulfur Dioxide Vs. Dive Depth
TEMPERATURE-HUMIDITY REQUIREMENTS
PRESSURIZATION/DEPRESSURIZATION
STORAGE FLASKS
PREVENTION OF LINE FREEZE
Figure 6-11. Horizontal Storage Flask
Section 3. GAS SYSTEMS
GAS MIXING
CARBON DIOXIDE CONTROL
Figure 6-16. Carbon Dioxide Control
Figure 6-17. Characteristics of Three Carbon Dioxide Absorbents
TEMPERATURE-HUMIDITY CONTROL
Figure 6-18. Relation of Pressure Drop to Superficial Velocity, Pressure, and Bed Depths
Heating and cooling coils-continued
Psychrometric Calculations
Psychrometric Calculations-continued
Figure 6-20. Temperature-Humidity Control
Figure 6-21. Psychrometric Chart 1- Data for Gas Mixtures at Pressures From 14-7 Psia to 200 Psia
Figure 6-22. Psycrometric Chart 2 - Data for Gas Mixtures at Pressures From 100 Psia to 600 Psia
Figure 6-23. Psychrometric Chart 3 - Correction for Enthalpy of Moisture Content
GAS DISTRIBUTION
COMPRESSORS/TRANSFER PUMPS
Section 4. AUXILIARY BREATHING SYSTEMS
Section 5. ATMOSPHERE MONITORING
Figure 6-26. Typical On-Line Gas Analysis System
Section 7. POTABLE WATER AND SANITARY SYSTEM
Figure 6-27. Typical Potable Water and Sanitary System
Figure 6-28. Typical Sanitary System Interlock
Liquid Level Indicators
REFERENCES - 4_159_010298
CHAPTER 7. WET CHAMBER WATER SYSTEMS
Figure 7-1. Wet Pot Water System Schematic Diagram
LINES
Section 2. WATER TREATMENT
Section 3. WATER TEMPERATURE CONTROL
Figure 7-2. Viewport Insulating Cover
REFERENCES - 4_159_010305
CHAPTER 8. FIRE PROTECTION AND EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS
Manual Activation
Figure 8-1. Pressurized Tank for Fire Extinguishing
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
Oxygen-continued
Atmosphere
Figure 8-2. Physiologically Usable, Fire-Safe Region for Helium-Oxygen Atmospheres
Figure 8-3. Combustibility of Material in a Chamber Pressurized First with Air, then with Helium
STRUCTURAL - 4_159_010314
EMERGENCY BREATHING APPARATUS
REFERENCES - 4_159_010316
CHAPTER 9. ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Section 2. POWER SUPPLY
ACCEPTABLE POWER SUPPLY
Section 3. WIRING
Explosion-Proof Circuits
Figure 9-2. Example of an Energy-Limited Supply
GROUNDING - 4_159_010323
Figure 9-3. Hull Mounted Submarine Navigation Light
Figure 9-4. Light Pipe Pressure Containing Window
Figure 9-6. Hull Mounted Submarine Navigation Light Replacement by Light Pipe Pressure Containing Window
Figure 9-8. External Light Heat Shield and Dissipation
PERSONNEL LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS
REFERENCES - 4_159_010329
CHAPTER 10. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
INTERCOM POWER REQUIREMENTS
Figure 10-1. Fundamental Lengthwise Resonant Frequencies for Various Closed Chamber Lengths and Pressures
Section 2. VIDEO COMMUNICATIONS
Figure 10-2. Example of Audio System
CAMERA STYLES AND SELECTION
LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS
CHAPTER 11. CHAMBER OPERATING CONTROL SYSTEMS
Figure 11-2. Suggested Parameters for Mockup of Standing Operator Workplaces
Section 2. CONTROL PANEL DESIGN
REFERENCES - 4_159_010340
CHAPTER 12. LUBRICANTS, SEALANTS, AND CLEANING PROCEDURES FOR HYPERBARIC SYSTEMS
Table 12-1. Lubricants-Oils
Table 12-3. Lubricants-Dry Films
Table 12-5. Thread Sealants and Lubricants
Table 12-6. Adhesives, Plastics and Elastomers
Section 2. CLEANING PROCEDURE
Table 12-8. Limits for Atmospheric Constituents
Table 12-9. Maximum Concentration for Some Common Contaminants in Saturation Complex Atmospheres
Table 12-9. Maximum Concentration for Some Common Contaminants in Saturation Complex Atmospheres-continued
PIPING AND GAS STORAGE SYSTEMS
ACCEPTABLE CLEANING AGENTS
REFERENCES - 4_159_010352
INDEX - 4_159_010353
INDEX-continued - 4_159_010354
INDEX-continued - 4_159_010355
INDEX-continued - 4_159_010356
INDEX-continued - 4_159_010357
4_159_01
Record of Changes - 4_159_010002
FOREWORD - 4_159_010003
CONTENTS - 4_159_010004
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION - 4_159_010005
APPENDIX A. DESIGN MANUAL 39 HYPERBARIC FACILITIES
CCB Application Notes - 4_159_010007
HYPERBARIC FACILITIES DESIGN MANUAL 39
CONTRIBUTORS
FOREWORD - 4_159_010014
CONTENTS - 4_159_010015
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010016
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010017
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010018
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010019
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010020
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010021
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010022
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010023
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010024
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010025
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010026
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010027
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010028
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010029
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010030
CONTENTS-continued - 4_159_010031
Figures - 4_159_010032
Figures-continued - 4_159_010033
Figures-continued - 4_159_010034
Figures-continued - 4_159_010035
Tables - 4_159_010036
CHAPTER 1. HYPERBARIC FACILITIES
PERSONNEL SAFETY
CHAPTER 2. HYPERBARIC PRESSURE VESSELS
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS-continued
MANUFACTURER'S DESIGN REPORT
USER'S DESIGN SPECIFICATION-continued
Section 2. MATERIALS FOR HYPERBARIC VESSELS
PRESSURE HULL/VESSEL MATERIALS
BOLTING MATERIAL
CLASS 2, Material of known properties
CLASS 3, Materials whose properties are to be proven
MATERIALS PERMITTED
MATERIAL TOUGHNESS
Figure 2-1. Typical Charpy Test Data on High Strength Steels
Figure 2-2. Typical NDT Specimen Performance at Different Temperatures when Tested to ASTM A-208
Figure 2-3. Typical Charpy V Impact Test Data
Figure 2-4. Crack Arrest Curve Overlayed to Demonstrate the Residual Stress Pattern Associated With Weldment
Figure 2-5. Toughness Relative to Direction of Rolling and Effect of Rolling Ratio of High Strength Steels
Figure 2-6. Toughness Relative to Direction of Rolling of Aluminum Alloy Plates
CORROSION CONSIDERATIONS
CORROSION CONSIDERATIONS-continued
Section 3. DESIGN
Experimental Methods
Stress Intensity Limits
Primary bending stress
Table 2-1. CLASSIFICATION OF TRESSES FOR SOME TYPICAL CASES
Table 2-1. CLASSIFICATION OF TRESSES FOR SOME TYPICAL CASES-continued - 4_159_010063
Table 2-1. CLASSIFICATION OF TRESSES FOR SOME TYPICAL CASES-continued - 4_159_010064
The amplitude of alternating stress intensity
Figure 2-7. Stress Categories and Limits of Stress Intensity
A hyperbaric vessel
Figure 2-8. Fatigue Design Curve for Low Carbon and Alloy Steels
NOTE - 4_159_010069
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS - 4_159_010070
Table 2-2. STRESS INTENSITY k FACTORS FOR VARIOUS LOAD COMBINATIONS
AD-160.1, "Operating Experience
Article D-5, "Openings and Their Reinforcement."
APPENDIX 3, "RULES FOR BOLTED FLANGE CONNECTIONS."
APPENDIX 6, "EXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS-continued
EXAMPLE OF DESIGN BY ANALYSIS AS APPLIED TO A SPHERICAL CHAMBER
Figure 2-9. Schematic of Proposed Class 1 Vessel
Materials and Initial Calculations
Support Skirt Compressive Stress
NOTE - 4_159_010080
Penetrations & Openings, Reinforcement
Penetrations & Openings, Reinforcement-continued
Inlet and Outlet Nozzles - 4_159_010083
Inlet and Outlet Nozzles-continued
Note - 4_159_010085
Figure 2-10. Details of Reinforcement for 4.0-Inch Nozzle
The inner corner radius
Viewport Mounting Ring
Figure 2-11. Details of Window Reinforcement
Door
Figure 2-12. Details of Reinforcement for 40.0-Inch-Diameter Penetration
Design of the flange
Figure 2-13. Details of Entranceway and Door
Stress Analysis
Method of Analysis
Figure 2-14. Model No.1 for Input to Computer Program
Figure 2-15. Model No. 2 for input to Computer Program
Figure 2-16. Model no. 3 for Input to Computer Program
Model No. 2
Figure 2-17. Details of 4.0-Inch Nozzle From Model No. 1
Figure 2-18. Some Maximum Stresses in Model No. 1
Categorization of Stress - 4_159_010102
Figure 2-19. Details of Geometric Model of the 40.0-Inch Entranceway Reinforcement
Figure 2-20. Some Maximum Stresses in Model No. 2
Figure 2-21. Some Maximum Stresses in Model No. 3
SIGMA PHI STRESSES
Stress Intensities
Stress Intensities-continued - 4_159_010108
Stress Intensities-continued - 4_159_010109
Stress Intensities-continued - 4_159_010110
Table 2-3. Maximum Stress Intensities in Model No. 1
Table 2-4. Maximum Stress Intensities in Model No. 2
Table 2-5. Maximum Stress Intensities in Model No. 3
Stress Index Method
Design Changes
Miscellaneous Considerations
EXAMPLE OF DESIGN BY ANALYSIS AS APPLIED TO A CYLINDRICAL CHAMBER
Minimum Shell Thickness
Inlet and Outlet Nozzles - 4_159_010119
Entranceway-continued
Figure 2-22. Configuration of 5.0-Inch Diameter Inlet and Outlet Nozzles
Figure 2-23. Detail of Shell, Viewport Penetration in Head and Entranceway
Hatch
Supports - 4_159_010124
Figure 2-24. Front View of Cylindrical Chamber
Method of Analysis-Symmetric Problems
Method of Analysis-Symmetric Problems-continued
Figure 2-27. Details of Viewport Penetration Reinforcement in Cylinder
Methods of Analysis-Nonsymmetric Problems
Methods of Analysis-Nonsymmetric Problems-continued
Figure 2-29. Circumferential Stress in Vessel at Hatch End
Figure 2-30. Meridional Stresses in Vessel at Hatch End
Figure 2-31. Computer Model and Stress Ouput for Hatch Cover
Categorization of Stress - 4_159_010134
Figure 2-32. Three Component Model of Viewport Penetration in Cylinder for Input to Computer
Figure 2-33. Hoop Stresses in Vicinity of Viewport Penetration in Cylinder
Stress Intensities-continued - 4_159_010137
REFERENCES - 4_159_010138
REFERENCES-continued - 4_159_010139
CHAPTER 3. APPURTENANCES
Figure 3-1. Flat Plate Viewport
Figure 3-3. Double Conical Frustum Window
Figure 3-5. Flat Window Pressure Sealing With Exterior Bolting
MATERIAL SELECTION - 4_159_010144
Figure 3-7. Commercially Available Glass Windows
FIELD OF VIEW CONSIDERATIONS
Figure 3-8. Refractive Effect of Flat Window
Figure 3-9. Limiting Aperture Locations on Various Viewport Configurations
Figure 3-10. Graphical Determination of Monocular and Binocular Viewing Fields in the Horizontal Plane
Physical Properties
Table 3-1. Specified Values of Physical Properties for Each Lot
Note 1-continued
Table 3-2. Specified Values of Physical Properties for Each Casting
WINDOW DESIGN - 4_159_010154
Figure 3-11. Standard Window Geometrics
STCP of an acrylic plastic window
Figure 3-12. Short Term Critical Pressure of Flat Disc Acrylic Windows to 7,250 psi
Figure 3-13. Short Term Critical Pressure of Flat Disc Acrylic Windows to 43,500 psi
Figure 3-14. Short Term Critical Pressure of Conical Frustum Acrylic Windows to 7,250 psi
Figure 3-15. Short Term Critical Pressure of Conical Frustum Acrylic Windows to 43,500 psi
Table 3-3. Conversion Factors for Acrylic Plastic Flat Disc Windows
Table 3-4. Conversion Factors for Acrylic Mastic
Table 3-5. Conical Frustum Windows for Design Pressures in Excess of 10,000 psi
For flat disc windows
WINDOW SEATS
Figure 3-16. Seat Cavity Requirements (Conical Frustum, Spherical Shell, and Flat Disc)
Figure 3-17. Seat Cavity Requirements (Double Beveled Disc)
WINDOW SEALS
DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES AND SURFACE FINISH-continued
FABRICATION OF WINDOWS
Table 3-6. Annealing Schedule for Acrylic Plastic Windows
PRESSURE TESTING OF WINDOWS
Section 2. DOORS AND CLOSURES
Figure 3-18. Typical Recompression Chamber Door
Figure 3-19. Typical Service Lock
Table 3-7. Standing Anatomical Dimensions
Table 3-8. Seated Anatomical Dimensions
Figure 3-20. Typical Recompression Chamber Entrance
CLOSING MECHANISMS
Figure 3-21. Breach Lock
Figure 3-22. Spring Clamps
Figure 3-23. Segmented Ring Closure
Figure 3-24. Swing Bolt Closure
Figure 3-25. Clamping Bar Closure
DOOR AND CLOSURE HINGES
Figure 3-26. Compound Hinges
Figure 3-27. Conventional Gasketed Closure
The threaded cap closure seal
Figure 3-29. Threaded Cap Closure
Figure 3-30. Threaded Plug Closure
Figure 3-31. Flat Face O-Ring Seal Suitable for High Pressure
Figure 3-32. Floating Ring Seal for High Pressures
Figure 3-33. O-Ring Sealed Penetrator Plug
DOOR AND CLOSURE LOCATION
Figure 3-34. Chamber Door with O-Ring in Dovetail Groove
Section 3. INTERIOR APPURTENANCES
REFERENCES - 4_159_010197
CHAPTER 4 FOUNDATIONS
SECTION 1. SITE SELECTION
SECTION 2. SUBSURFACE EVALUATION
LABORATORY TESTS
SECTION 3. FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
FOUNDATION TYPES
FOUNDATION TYPE SELECTION
SECTION 4. STRUCTURAL SUPPORTS
DESIGN PARAMETERS PECULIAR TO EACH MATERIAL
Reinforced Concrete-continued
SECTION 5. INSTALLATION IN EXISTING BUILDINGS
FOUNDATION TYPES-continued
STRUCTURAL SUPPORTS
REFERENCES - 4_159_010211
CHAPTER 5. PIPING
Table 5-1. Hyperbaric Facilities - Applicable Codes, Specifications, and Standards
SECTION 2. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
PROCEDURES-continued
Section 3. PIPING SYSTEM MATERIALS
Table 5-2. Class 1 Piping Materials
Justification of Class 3 Materials
MATERIAL COMPATIBILITY
Compatibility with Oxygen
Table 5-3. Oxygen Systems Contained in MIL-STD-777
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES
Section 4. CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS
Table 5-4. Wall Thickness for Bending
PIPE JOINTS
Brazing Qualification-continued
Flanged Joints/Bolted Flanges
Section 5. DESIGN GUIDANCE
Fluid Flow Approximations
Friction factor-continued
Figure 5-1. Friction Factors for Clean Commercial Steel and Wrought Iron Pipe
Equivalent pipe length
Figure 5-2. Resistance of Valves and Fittings
Table 5-5. Physical Properties of Gases
Table 5-6. Reasonable Velocities for the Flow of Water Through Pipe
Table 5-9. Flow of Water Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe
Table 5-10. Flow of Air Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe
Table 5-11. Commercial Wrought Steel Pipe Data
Table 5-11. Commercial Wrought Steel Pipe Data-continued
The total pressure drop
Approximation for Water, Low Flow
Approximation for Oxygen, Low Flow
Approximation for Helium, High Flow
Table 5-12. Typical Dimensions for Commercially Available Tubing
DESIGN FOR PRESSURE
Minimum Wall Thickness, Straight Pipe Under Internal Pressure
SYSTEM DETAILING AND FINAL FLOW ANALYSIS
Final Routing of Pipe and Selection of Supports and Anchors
Pipe Joint Seals
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Structural Design Specification-continued
Analysis Procedure for Category I and II Piping System
Category III and IV Piping Systems
NOISE CONSIDERATIONS
Acceptable Noise Levels
Noise Control
COLOR CODE FOR PIPING SYSTEMS
REFERENCES - 4_159_010258
REFERENCES-continued - 4_159_010259
CHAPTER 6. LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Figure 6-1. Percentage of Oxygen in Breathing Mixture as a Function of Depth and Oxygen Partial Pressure
Oxygen versus Depth Ranges
Contaminants
Figure 6-2. Limiting Percent of CO2 in Breathing Gas Mixture as a Function of Depth and CO2 Partial Pressure
Water Vapor
Figure 6-4. Linmiting Percent CO in Breathing Mixture as a Function of Depth and CO Partial Pressure
BREATHING GAS CONSUMPTION REQUIREMENTS
Figure 6-5. Total Hydrocarbons Allowed Vs. Dive Depth
Figure 6-7. Allowable Sulfur Dioxide Vs. Dive Depth
TEMPERATURE-HUMIDITY REQUIREMENTS
PRESSURIZATION/DEPRESSURIZATION
STORAGE FLASKS
PREVENTION OF LINE FREEZE
Figure 6-11. Horizontal Storage Flask
Section 3. GAS SYSTEMS
GAS MIXING
CARBON DIOXIDE CONTROL
Figure 6-16. Carbon Dioxide Control
Figure 6-17. Characteristics of Three Carbon Dioxide Absorbents
TEMPERATURE-HUMIDITY CONTROL
Figure 6-18. Relation of Pressure Drop to Superficial Velocity, Pressure, and Bed Depths
Heating and cooling coils-continued
Psychrometric Calculations
Psychrometric Calculations-continued
Figure 6-20. Temperature-Humidity Control
Figure 6-21. Psychrometric Chart 1- Data for Gas Mixtures at Pressures From 14-7 Psia to 200 Psia
Figure 6-22. Psycrometric Chart 2 - Data for Gas Mixtures at Pressures From 100 Psia to 600 Psia
Figure 6-23. Psychrometric Chart 3 - Correction for Enthalpy of Moisture Content
GAS DISTRIBUTION
COMPRESSORS/TRANSFER PUMPS
Section 4. AUXILIARY BREATHING SYSTEMS
Section 5. ATMOSPHERE MONITORING
Figure 6-26. Typical On-Line Gas Analysis System
Section 7. POTABLE WATER AND SANITARY SYSTEM
Figure 6-27. Typical Potable Water and Sanitary System
Figure 6-28. Typical Sanitary System Interlock
Liquid Level Indicators
REFERENCES - 4_159_010298
CHAPTER 7. WET CHAMBER WATER SYSTEMS
Figure 7-1. Wet Pot Water System Schematic Diagram
LINES
Section 2. WATER TREATMENT
Section 3. WATER TEMPERATURE CONTROL
Figure 7-2. Viewport Insulating Cover
REFERENCES - 4_159_010305
CHAPTER 8. FIRE PROTECTION AND EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS
Manual Activation
Figure 8-1. Pressurized Tank for Fire Extinguishing
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
Oxygen-continued
Atmosphere
Figure 8-2. Physiologically Usable, Fire-Safe Region for Helium-Oxygen Atmospheres
Figure 8-3. Combustibility of Material in a Chamber Pressurized First with Air, then with Helium
STRUCTURAL - 4_159_010314
EMERGENCY BREATHING APPARATUS
REFERENCES - 4_159_010316
CHAPTER 9. ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Section 2. POWER SUPPLY
ACCEPTABLE POWER SUPPLY
Section 3. WIRING
Explosion-Proof Circuits
Figure 9-2. Example of an Energy-Limited Supply
GROUNDING - 4_159_010323
Figure 9-3. Hull Mounted Submarine Navigation Light
Figure 9-4. Light Pipe Pressure Containing Window
Figure 9-6. Hull Mounted Submarine Navigation Light Replacement by Light Pipe Pressure Containing Window
Figure 9-8. External Light Heat Shield and Dissipation
PERSONNEL LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS
REFERENCES - 4_159_010329
CHAPTER 10. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
INTERCOM POWER REQUIREMENTS
Figure 10-1. Fundamental Lengthwise Resonant Frequencies for Various Closed Chamber Lengths and Pressures
Section 2. VIDEO COMMUNICATIONS
Figure 10-2. Example of Audio System
CAMERA STYLES AND SELECTION
LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS
CHAPTER 11. CHAMBER OPERATING CONTROL SYSTEMS
Figure 11-2. Suggested Parameters for Mockup of Standing Operator Workplaces
Section 2. CONTROL PANEL DESIGN
REFERENCES - 4_159_010340
CHAPTER 12. LUBRICANTS, SEALANTS, AND CLEANING PROCEDURES FOR HYPERBARIC SYSTEMS
Table 12-1. Lubricants-Oils
Table 12-3. Lubricants-Dry Films
Table 12-5. Thread Sealants and Lubricants
Table 12-6. Adhesives, Plastics and Elastomers
Section 2. CLEANING PROCEDURE
Table 12-8. Limits for Atmospheric Constituents
Table 12-9. Maximum Concentration for Some Common Contaminants in Saturation Complex Atmospheres
Table 12-9. Maximum Concentration for Some Common Contaminants in Saturation Complex Atmospheres-continued
PIPING AND GAS STORAGE SYSTEMS
ACCEPTABLE CLEANING AGENTS
REFERENCES - 4_159_010352
INDEX - 4_159_010353
INDEX-continued - 4_159_010354
INDEX-continued - 4_159_010355
INDEX-continued - 4_159_010356
INDEX-continued - 4_159_010357
4_159_01
