UFC 3-240-13FN
25 May 2005
3-2
Water Tube Boiler .......................................................................................
34
3-3
Components of a Simple Steam Boiler System...........................................
35
3-4
Boiler Tube Oxygen Pitting..........................................................................
37
3-5
Scaled Boiler Tube ......................................................................................
38
3-6
Impact of Scale on Heat Transfer................................................................
39
3-7
Metal Fatigue on Boiler Tube ......................................................................
39
3-8
Failed Boiler Tube .......................................................................................
40
3-9
Simplified Boiler System Water Balance .....................................................
43
3-10
Localized Scale Formation Process ............................................................
46
3-11
Mechanical Deaerator Schematic (Spray Type)..........................................
54
3-12
Mechanical Deaerator Schematic (Tray Type) ............................................
55
3-13
Effect of pH on Mild Steel and Copper Corrosion........................................
58
3-14
Water Boiler Mist Formation ........................................................................
64
3-15
Inspection Gauge for Wet Boiler Layup.......................................................
84
4-1
Once-Through Cooling Water System Diagram ..........................................
88
4-2
Evaporative Fluid Cooler and Evaporative Condenser Diagram .................
89
4-3
Open Recirculating Cooling Tower Water System Diagram........................
90
4-4
Cooling Tower Water System......................................................................
91
4-5
Hyperbolic Natural-Draft Cooling Towers ....................................................
92
4-6
Cross-Flow Cooling Tower ..........................................................................
93
4-7
Cross-Flow Cooling Tower ..........................................................................
93
4-8
Counter-Flow Cooling Tower.......................................................................
94
4-9
Counter-Flow Cooling Tower.......................................................................
94
4-10
Induced-Draft Cross-Flow Cooling Tower Components ..............................
95
4-11
High-Efficiency Cooling Tower Film Fill .......................................................
96
4-12
Super-Enhanced Copper Tubes..................................................................
98
4-13
Close-Up of Corrosion Pitting on Super-Enhanced Copper Tube ...............
98
4-14
Heavily Fouled Cooling Tower Film Fill .......................................................
99
4-15
Effect of COC on Makeup Requirement ......................................................
103
4-16
Halogen Species vs. pH in Water................................................................
116
4-17
Forms of Corrosion......................................................................................
123
4-18
Galvanic Series of Common Metals and Alloys Found in Cooling
Water Systems ..........................................................................................
124
4-19
Effect of pH on Corrosion Rate of Unprotected Mild Steel in Water............
127
5-1
Hot Water Boiler .......................................................................................... 140
5-2
Typical Closed Chilled Water System Schematic........................................
141
5-3
Chillers
..........................................................................................
142
6-1
Typical Water Sampling Points for an Open Recirculating Cooling
Water System ..........................................................................................
153
6-2
Boiler or Condensate Water Sample Cooling Coil.......................................
154
6-3
Typical Locations for Water Sampling in a Steam Boiler Water System .....
156
6-4
Acidity, Alkalinity, and pH Ranges...............................................................
163
7-1
Chemical Pot Feeder...................................................................................
172
7-2
Manual Chemical Feed System...................................................................
173
7-3
Automatic Chemical Feed System ..............................................................
173
7-4
Automatic Neat Chemical Feed...................................................................
174
C-1
Bypass Piping for Corrosion Testing Cooling Water and
Condensate Systems ..................................................................................
219
D-1
Condensate Corrosion Tester .....................................................................
223
TABLES
xiii
Previous Page
