OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE: INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT
Record of Changes - 3_240_130002
FOREWORD - 3_240_130003
CONTENTS - 3_240_130004
CONTENTS-continued - 3_240_130005
CONTENTS-continued - 3_240_130006
CONTENTS-continued - 3_240_130007
CONTENTS-continued - 3_240_130008
CONTENTS-continued - 3_240_130009
CONTENTS-continued - 3_240_130010
CONTENTS-continued - 3_240_130011
CONTENTS-continued - 3_240_130012
CONTENTS-continued - 3_240_130013
CONTENTS-continued - 3_240_130014
FIGURES - 3_240_130015
FIGURES-continued - 3_240_130016
TABLES - 3_240_130017
TABLES-continued - 3_240_130018
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT
Objectives of Industrial Water Treatment
Responsibility for Treatment
Restrictions on Direct Steam Use
Operations Logs
Support Available
Water Discharge Restrictions
Container Management Policy
CHAPTER 2. MAKEUP WATER
Reasons and Criteria for Treating Makeup Water
External Treatment
Table 2-1. Makeup Water Treatment Methods for Removing Impurities
Figure 2-1. Effects of Treatment on Raw Water
Table 2-2. External Treatment Equipment Selection Guide for Steam Boiler Makeup Water
Aeration
Sand Filters
Ion Exchange Process
Sodium Ion Exchange
Regeneration Cycle
Backwash
Operating Problems
Hydrogen Ion Exchange
Demineralization
Anion Exchange Process
Dealkalization
Split-Stream Dealkalization
Decarbonator Use
Decarbonation
Evaporators
RO Pretreatment
Ultrafiltration
Electrodialysis
CHAPTER 3. STEAM BOILER SYSTEMS
Water Tube Boilers - 3_240_130052
Components of a Steam Boiler System
Figure 3-3. Components of a Simple Steam Boiler System
Boiler Components
Measuring Equipment
Deposition Problems
Figure 3-7. Metal Fatigue on Boiler Tube
Calculations - 3_240_130059
Blowdown - 3_240_130060
Calculating Blowdown Rates
Figure 3-9. Simplified Boiler System Water Balance
Makeup Water Rate
Difference Between Amount of Steam Produced and Amount of Condensate
BOILER WATER TREATMENT AND CONTROL
Common Scale Found in Boilers
External Boiler Water Treatment
Internal Treatment of Boiler Water
Solubilizing Water Treatment Programs
Determining Chemical Treatment Feed Rates-continued
Corrosion in the Boiler
Removing Oxygen from Feedwater
Deaerator Operation
Figure 3-11. Mechanical Deaerator Schematic (Spray Type)
Chemical Removal of Free Oxygen
Oxygen Scavengers for Boilers Over 6205 Kilopascals
Condensate Corrosion and Control - 3_240_130077
Estimating Carbon Dioxide in Steam
Control of Carbon Dioxide by Neutralizing Amines
Table 3-4. Physical and Chemical Properties of Neutralizing Amines
Cyclohexylamine
Control of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen by Specialty Volatile Amines
Water Carryover in Steam
Foaming Carryover
Determining Water Carryover in Steam
DEVELOPING A STEAM BOILER SYSTEM WATER TREATMENT PROGRAM
Cooling Systems Treatment
Program Content
Feedwater Quality Limits
Table 3-10. Suggested Feedwater Limits for Industrial Fire Tube Boiler 0-2068 KPa
Table 3-11. ASME Feedwater Limits for Industrial Water Tube Boilers
Boiler Water Chemistry Limits
Table 3-13. ASME Suggested Boiler Water Limits for Industrial Water Tube Boiler
Table 3-14. ASME Boiler Water Limits for Industrial Water Tube Boilers
Table 3-16. ASME Suggested Boiler Water Limits for Marine Propulsion Water Tube Boiler
Treatment Guidelines for Low-Pressure Steam
Treatment Guidelines for Medium- and High-Pressure Steam
Condensate Corrosion and Control - 3_240_130098
Chemical Requirements for Boiler Start-up
Start-up of New Boilers and Condensate Systems or Repaired Boilers
Start-up of Boiler from Wet Layup
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BOILER LAYUP
Wet Layup of Boilers
Wet Layup of Drained Boilers
Layup of Condensate Systems
COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON BOILER WATER TREATMENT
COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON BOILER WATER TREATMENT-continued
CHAPTER 4. COOLING WATER SYSTEMS
Figure 4-2. Evaporative Fluid Cooler and Evaporative Condenser Diagram
Figure 4-3. Open Recirculating Cooling Tower Water System Diagram
Figure 4-4. Cooling Tower Water System
Forced-Draft Towers
Figure 4-6. Cross-Flow Cooling Tower
Figure 4-8. Counter-Flow Cooling Tower Diagram
Components of a Cooling Tower
Drift Eliminators
Common Cooling Water System Problems
White Rust
Legionella Bacteria
Cooling Tower Water Calculations
Calculating COC by Volume
Relationship Between COC and Makeup
Relationship Between Blowdown, Evaporation, and COC
Relationship Between Blowdown, Evaporation, and COC-continued
OBJECTIVES OF COOLING WATER TREATMENT
Calcium Carbonate Scale
Determining COC to Control Operations
Calcium Carbonate Scaling Indices
Scale-Control Methods
Calcium Carbonate Scale Control Using Solubilizing Chemicals
Calcium Sulfate Scale Control Using Solubilizing Polymers
Fouling Control
Bacteria
Table 4-3. Bacterial Types and Problems Created
Microbiological Control
Bromine Release Agents
Chlorine Dioxide
Table 4-6. Guidelines for Oxidizing Microbiocide Effectiveness
Non-Oxidizing Biocides
Table 4-7. Guidelines for Non-Oxidizing Microbiocide Selection
Bacterial Control
Legionnaires' Disease
Galvanic Corrosion
Figure 4-18. Galvanic Series of Common Metals and Alloys Found in Cooling Water Systems
Concentration Cell Corrosion - 3_240_130145
Corrosion Control Methods - 3_240_130146
Figure 4-19. Effect of pH on Corrosion Rate of Unprotected Mild Steel in Water
Effective Corrosion Control
General Inhibitors
DEVELOPING AN EFFECTIVE COOLING WATER TREATMENT PROGRAM
Cooling Water Treatment Programs
Treatment Program for Medium and Large Cooling Towers
Cooling Tower Operator Duties
Cooling Tower Fill, Air Intake Slats, and Basin
COOLING WATER SYSTEM START-UP AND LAYUP REQUIREMENTS
Start-up of New Cooling Water Tower Systems
Chemical Cleaning and Passivation Formulation
Layup of Cooling Tower Systems
CHAPTER 5. CLOSED INDUSTRIAL WATER SYSTEMS
Description of Hot Water Systems
Closed Chilled Water Systems, Brine Systems, and Glycol Systems
Combined Hot and Chilled Water Systems
WATER TREATMENT FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS
Corrosion Control Programs
Table 5-2. Selection Guidelines for Closed System Treatment
Nitrite-Azole Treatment Program
Molybdate-Nitrite-Azole Treatment Program
Identifying Water Leaks
Procedures for Layup of Hot and Chilled Water Systems
CHAPTER 6. WATER SAMPLING AND TESTING OF WATER SYSTEMS
COOLING TOWER WATER SAMPLING AND TESTING
Cooling Water Sampling
ROUTINE BOILER WATER SAMPLING AND TESTING
Boiler Water Sampling Cooler
Sampling Locations
Frequency of Sampling and Testing
Table 6-2. Water Sampling Frequency and Testing Requirements for Boiler Water Systems
Boiler Water QA Analysis
WATER SAMPLING AND TESTING FOR CLOSED HOT AND CHILLED CIRCULATING WATER SYSTEMS
Sampling and Testing of Makeup Water
Water Sample Testing Methods
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS FROM WATER TESTS
Relationship of P, M, and OH Alkalinities
Table 6-4. Alkalinity Relationship Based on P and M Tests
pH (Hydrogen Ion Concentration)
Conductivity and TDS
IN-PLANT LABORATORY WATER TESTING REQUIREMENTS
CHAPTER 7. WATER TREATMENT CHEMICAL FEED AND CONTROL
Boiler Water Controllers
Chemical Pumps
Other Feed Devices
Dry Chemical Feeders
Automatic Neat Chemical Feed
CHEMICAL CONTROL VERIFICATION
SAFETY AND GENERAL INFORMATION
Handling Caustic Soda (Sodium Hydroxide)
Chemical Storage
CHAPTER 8. NON-CHEMICAL/NON-TRADITIONAL WATER TREATMENT DEVICES
Electrical Impressed Current Devices
Non-Traditional Water Treatment Chemical Devices
Copper and Silver Ionizing Devices-continued
CHAPTER 9. CHEMICAL CLEANING OF WATER SYSTEMS
Remedial Cleaning
REMEDIAL CLEANING PROCEDURES
Example Procedure for 10% Solution
Sulfamic Acid
Cleaning Preparation
Methods for Removing Scale
Circulating Method Without Heat
Fill and Soak Method
Checking Acid Solution Strength-continued
CHAPTER 10. DEVELOPING A WATER TREATMENT PROGRAM
Outsourcing Chemicals and Services
Qualifications
REPORTS AND AUDITS
GLOSSARY - 3_240_130216
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_240_130217
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_240_130218
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_240_130219
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_240_130220
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_240_130221
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_240_130222
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_240_130223
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_240_130224
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_240_130225
APPENDIX A. REFERENCES - 3_240_130226
NONGOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
APPENDIX B. PRACTICAL (PUCKORIUS) SCALING INDEX (PSI)
Table B-1. Factor "A" for TDS
Table B-2. Factor "B" for Temperature
Table B-3. Factor "C" for Calcium Hardness (as ppm CaCO3) Zero to 200 ppm
Table B-4. Factor "C" For Calcium Hardness (as ppm CaCO3) 200 to 990 ppm
Table B-5. Factor "D" for Alkalinity (as ppm CaCO3) Zero to 200 ppm
Table B-7. pHeq Determined from Total Alkalinity
Scaling Severity Keyed to Indices
Table B-8. Scaling Indices vs. Condition
APPENDIX C. CORROSION TESTING WITH COUPON-TYPE TEST SPECIMENS
INSTALLATION OF COUPON-TYPE TEST SPECIMENS
Test Methods
Table C-1. Flow Rate
APPENDIX D. CORROSION TESTING WITH TEST NIPPLE ASSEMBLY
INSTALLATION OF TESTER
Figure D-1. Condensate Corrosion Tester
APPENDIX E. TESTING INDUSTRIAL WATER SYSTEM SAMPLES
Testing Procedures
APPENDIX F. NONPROPRIETARY INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS
APPENDIX F. NONPROPRIETARY INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS-continued - 3_240_130247
APPENDIX F. NONPROPRIETARY INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS-continued - 3_240_130248
APPENDIX F. NONPROPRIETARY INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS-continued - 3_240_130249
APPENDIX F. NONPROPRIETARY INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS-continued - 3_240_130250
APPENDIX F. NONPROPRIETARY INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS-continued - 3_240_130251
APPENDIX F. NONPROPRIETARY INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS-continued - 3_240_130252
APPENDIX F. NONPROPRIETARY INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS-continued - 3_240_130253
APPENDIX F. NONPROPRIETARY INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS-continued - 3_240_130254
INDEX - 3_240_130255
INDEX-continued - 3_240_130256
INDEX-continued - 3_240_130257
INDEX-continued - 3_240_130258
INDEX-continued - 3_240_130259
INDEX-continued - 3_240_130260
INDEX-continued - 3_240_130261
INDEX-continued - 3_240_130262
3_240_13
Record of Changes - 3_240_130002
FOREWORD - 3_240_130003
CONTENTS - 3_240_130004
CONTENTS-continued - 3_240_130005
CONTENTS-continued - 3_240_130006
CONTENTS-continued - 3_240_130007
CONTENTS-continued - 3_240_130008
CONTENTS-continued - 3_240_130009
CONTENTS-continued - 3_240_130010
CONTENTS-continued - 3_240_130011
CONTENTS-continued - 3_240_130012
CONTENTS-continued - 3_240_130013
CONTENTS-continued - 3_240_130014
FIGURES - 3_240_130015
FIGURES-continued - 3_240_130016
TABLES - 3_240_130017
TABLES-continued - 3_240_130018
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT
Objectives of Industrial Water Treatment
Responsibility for Treatment
Restrictions on Direct Steam Use
Operations Logs
Support Available
Water Discharge Restrictions
Container Management Policy
CHAPTER 2. MAKEUP WATER
Reasons and Criteria for Treating Makeup Water
External Treatment
Table 2-1. Makeup Water Treatment Methods for Removing Impurities
Figure 2-1. Effects of Treatment on Raw Water
Table 2-2. External Treatment Equipment Selection Guide for Steam Boiler Makeup Water
Aeration
Sand Filters
Ion Exchange Process
Sodium Ion Exchange
Regeneration Cycle
Backwash
Operating Problems
Hydrogen Ion Exchange
Demineralization
Anion Exchange Process
Dealkalization
Split-Stream Dealkalization
Decarbonator Use
Decarbonation
Evaporators
RO Pretreatment
Ultrafiltration
Electrodialysis
CHAPTER 3. STEAM BOILER SYSTEMS
Water Tube Boilers - 3_240_130052
Components of a Steam Boiler System
Figure 3-3. Components of a Simple Steam Boiler System
Boiler Components
Measuring Equipment
Deposition Problems
Figure 3-7. Metal Fatigue on Boiler Tube
Calculations - 3_240_130059
Blowdown - 3_240_130060
Calculating Blowdown Rates
Figure 3-9. Simplified Boiler System Water Balance
Makeup Water Rate
Difference Between Amount of Steam Produced and Amount of Condensate
BOILER WATER TREATMENT AND CONTROL
Common Scale Found in Boilers
External Boiler Water Treatment
Internal Treatment of Boiler Water
Solubilizing Water Treatment Programs
Determining Chemical Treatment Feed Rates-continued
Corrosion in the Boiler
Removing Oxygen from Feedwater
Deaerator Operation
Figure 3-11. Mechanical Deaerator Schematic (Spray Type)
Chemical Removal of Free Oxygen
Oxygen Scavengers for Boilers Over 6205 Kilopascals
Condensate Corrosion and Control - 3_240_130077
Estimating Carbon Dioxide in Steam
Control of Carbon Dioxide by Neutralizing Amines
Table 3-4. Physical and Chemical Properties of Neutralizing Amines
Cyclohexylamine
Control of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen by Specialty Volatile Amines
Water Carryover in Steam
Foaming Carryover
Determining Water Carryover in Steam
DEVELOPING A STEAM BOILER SYSTEM WATER TREATMENT PROGRAM
Cooling Systems Treatment
Program Content
Feedwater Quality Limits
Table 3-10. Suggested Feedwater Limits for Industrial Fire Tube Boiler 0-2068 KPa
Table 3-11. ASME Feedwater Limits for Industrial Water Tube Boilers
Boiler Water Chemistry Limits
Table 3-13. ASME Suggested Boiler Water Limits for Industrial Water Tube Boiler
Table 3-14. ASME Boiler Water Limits for Industrial Water Tube Boilers
Table 3-16. ASME Suggested Boiler Water Limits for Marine Propulsion Water Tube Boiler
Treatment Guidelines for Low-Pressure Steam
Treatment Guidelines for Medium- and High-Pressure Steam
Condensate Corrosion and Control - 3_240_130098
Chemical Requirements for Boiler Start-up
Start-up of New Boilers and Condensate Systems or Repaired Boilers
Start-up of Boiler from Wet Layup
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BOILER LAYUP
Wet Layup of Boilers
Wet Layup of Drained Boilers
Layup of Condensate Systems
COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON BOILER WATER TREATMENT
COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON BOILER WATER TREATMENT-continued
CHAPTER 4. COOLING WATER SYSTEMS
Figure 4-2. Evaporative Fluid Cooler and Evaporative Condenser Diagram
Figure 4-3. Open Recirculating Cooling Tower Water System Diagram
Figure 4-4. Cooling Tower Water System
Forced-Draft Towers
Figure 4-6. Cross-Flow Cooling Tower
Figure 4-8. Counter-Flow Cooling Tower Diagram
Components of a Cooling Tower
Drift Eliminators
Common Cooling Water System Problems
White Rust
Legionella Bacteria
Cooling Tower Water Calculations
Calculating COC by Volume
Relationship Between COC and Makeup
Relationship Between Blowdown, Evaporation, and COC
Relationship Between Blowdown, Evaporation, and COC-continued
OBJECTIVES OF COOLING WATER TREATMENT
Calcium Carbonate Scale
Determining COC to Control Operations
Calcium Carbonate Scaling Indices
Scale-Control Methods
Calcium Carbonate Scale Control Using Solubilizing Chemicals
Calcium Sulfate Scale Control Using Solubilizing Polymers
Fouling Control
Bacteria
Table 4-3. Bacterial Types and Problems Created
Microbiological Control
Bromine Release Agents
Chlorine Dioxide
Table 4-6. Guidelines for Oxidizing Microbiocide Effectiveness
Non-Oxidizing Biocides
Table 4-7. Guidelines for Non-Oxidizing Microbiocide Selection
Bacterial Control
Legionnaires' Disease
Galvanic Corrosion
Figure 4-18. Galvanic Series of Common Metals and Alloys Found in Cooling Water Systems
Concentration Cell Corrosion - 3_240_130145
Corrosion Control Methods - 3_240_130146
Figure 4-19. Effect of pH on Corrosion Rate of Unprotected Mild Steel in Water
Effective Corrosion Control
General Inhibitors
DEVELOPING AN EFFECTIVE COOLING WATER TREATMENT PROGRAM
Cooling Water Treatment Programs
Treatment Program for Medium and Large Cooling Towers
Cooling Tower Operator Duties
Cooling Tower Fill, Air Intake Slats, and Basin
COOLING WATER SYSTEM START-UP AND LAYUP REQUIREMENTS
Start-up of New Cooling Water Tower Systems
Chemical Cleaning and Passivation Formulation
Layup of Cooling Tower Systems
CHAPTER 5. CLOSED INDUSTRIAL WATER SYSTEMS
Description of Hot Water Systems
Closed Chilled Water Systems, Brine Systems, and Glycol Systems
Combined Hot and Chilled Water Systems
WATER TREATMENT FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS
Corrosion Control Programs
Table 5-2. Selection Guidelines for Closed System Treatment
Nitrite-Azole Treatment Program
Molybdate-Nitrite-Azole Treatment Program
Identifying Water Leaks
Procedures for Layup of Hot and Chilled Water Systems
CHAPTER 6. WATER SAMPLING AND TESTING OF WATER SYSTEMS
COOLING TOWER WATER SAMPLING AND TESTING
Cooling Water Sampling
ROUTINE BOILER WATER SAMPLING AND TESTING
Boiler Water Sampling Cooler
Sampling Locations
Frequency of Sampling and Testing
Table 6-2. Water Sampling Frequency and Testing Requirements for Boiler Water Systems
Boiler Water QA Analysis
WATER SAMPLING AND TESTING FOR CLOSED HOT AND CHILLED CIRCULATING WATER SYSTEMS
Sampling and Testing of Makeup Water
Water Sample Testing Methods
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS FROM WATER TESTS
Relationship of P, M, and OH Alkalinities
Table 6-4. Alkalinity Relationship Based on P and M Tests
pH (Hydrogen Ion Concentration)
Conductivity and TDS
IN-PLANT LABORATORY WATER TESTING REQUIREMENTS
CHAPTER 7. WATER TREATMENT CHEMICAL FEED AND CONTROL
Boiler Water Controllers
Chemical Pumps
Other Feed Devices
Dry Chemical Feeders
Automatic Neat Chemical Feed
CHEMICAL CONTROL VERIFICATION
SAFETY AND GENERAL INFORMATION
Handling Caustic Soda (Sodium Hydroxide)
Chemical Storage
CHAPTER 8. NON-CHEMICAL/NON-TRADITIONAL WATER TREATMENT DEVICES
Electrical Impressed Current Devices
Non-Traditional Water Treatment Chemical Devices
Copper and Silver Ionizing Devices-continued
CHAPTER 9. CHEMICAL CLEANING OF WATER SYSTEMS
Remedial Cleaning
REMEDIAL CLEANING PROCEDURES
Example Procedure for 10% Solution
Sulfamic Acid
Cleaning Preparation
Methods for Removing Scale
Circulating Method Without Heat
Fill and Soak Method
Checking Acid Solution Strength-continued
CHAPTER 10. DEVELOPING A WATER TREATMENT PROGRAM
Outsourcing Chemicals and Services
Qualifications
REPORTS AND AUDITS
GLOSSARY - 3_240_130216
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_240_130217
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_240_130218
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_240_130219
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_240_130220
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_240_130221
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_240_130222
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_240_130223
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_240_130224
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_240_130225
APPENDIX A. REFERENCES - 3_240_130226
NONGOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
APPENDIX B. PRACTICAL (PUCKORIUS) SCALING INDEX (PSI)
Table B-1. Factor "A" for TDS
Table B-2. Factor "B" for Temperature
Table B-3. Factor "C" for Calcium Hardness (as ppm CaCO3) Zero to 200 ppm
Table B-4. Factor "C" For Calcium Hardness (as ppm CaCO3) 200 to 990 ppm
Table B-5. Factor "D" for Alkalinity (as ppm CaCO3) Zero to 200 ppm
Table B-7. pHeq Determined from Total Alkalinity
Scaling Severity Keyed to Indices
Table B-8. Scaling Indices vs. Condition
APPENDIX C. CORROSION TESTING WITH COUPON-TYPE TEST SPECIMENS
INSTALLATION OF COUPON-TYPE TEST SPECIMENS
Test Methods
Table C-1. Flow Rate
APPENDIX D. CORROSION TESTING WITH TEST NIPPLE ASSEMBLY
INSTALLATION OF TESTER
Figure D-1. Condensate Corrosion Tester
APPENDIX E. TESTING INDUSTRIAL WATER SYSTEM SAMPLES
Testing Procedures
APPENDIX F. NONPROPRIETARY INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS
APPENDIX F. NONPROPRIETARY INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS-continued - 3_240_130247
APPENDIX F. NONPROPRIETARY INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS-continued - 3_240_130248
APPENDIX F. NONPROPRIETARY INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS-continued - 3_240_130249
APPENDIX F. NONPROPRIETARY INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS-continued - 3_240_130250
APPENDIX F. NONPROPRIETARY INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS-continued - 3_240_130251
APPENDIX F. NONPROPRIETARY INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS-continued - 3_240_130252
APPENDIX F. NONPROPRIETARY INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS-continued - 3_240_130253
APPENDIX F. NONPROPRIETARY INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS-continued - 3_240_130254
INDEX - 3_240_130255
INDEX-continued - 3_240_130256
INDEX-continued - 3_240_130257
INDEX-continued - 3_240_130258
INDEX-continued - 3_240_130259
INDEX-continued - 3_240_130260
INDEX-continued - 3_240_130261
INDEX-continued - 3_240_130262
3_240_13
