UFC 3-240-13FN
25 May 2005
2-2.5.3.2
Anion Ion Exchange Regeneration Method ...............................
24
2-2.5.3.3
Process Result...........................................................................
25
2-2.5.3.4
Exchange Method......................................................................
25
2-2.5.3.5
High Silica Waters .....................................................................
25
2-2.5.3.6
Deionization Process Use..........................................................
25
2-2.5.4
Dealkalization ............................................................................
25
2-2.5.4.1
Anion Dealkalization ..................................................................
25
2-2.5.4.2
Split-Stream Dealkalization........................................................
26
2-2.5.5
Decarbonation ...........................................................................
28
2-2.5.5.1
Methods of Decarbonation.........................................................
28
2-2.5.5.2
Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Content ..........................................
28
2-2.6
Evaporators ...............................................................................
29
2-2.7
Reverse Osmosis (RO)..............................................................
29
2-2.7.1
RO Pretreatment........................................................................
30
2-2.7.1.1
SS Removal ...............................................................................
30
2-2.7.1.2
Iron Oxide Removal ...................................................................
30
2-2.7.1.3
Scale Prevention........................................................................
30
2-2.7.1.4
Biological Fouling.......................................................................
31
2-2.7.2
Membrane Configuration ...........................................................
31
2-2.7.2.1
Tubular Configuration ................................................................
31
2-2.7.2.2
Spiral Configuration ...................................................................
31
2-2.7.2.3
Hollow Configuration..................................................................
31
2-2.7.3
Sea Water..................................................................................
31
2-2.8
Ultrafiltration...............................................................................
31
2-2.9
Electrodialysis............................................................................
32
2-2.10
Nanofiltration..............................................................................
32
CHAPTER 3 STEAM BOILER SYSTEMS
Paragraph
3-1
STEAM BOILER SYSTEM DEFINED...............................................
33
3-1.1
Types of Steam Boilers..............................................................
33
3-1.1.1
Pressure Classification ..............................................................
33
3-1.1.2
Fire Tube Boilers .......................................................................
33
3-1.1.3
Water Tube Boilers ....................................................................
34
3-1.1.4
Boiler Capacity Rating ...............................................................
34
3-1.2
Components of a Steam Boiler System .....................................
34
3-1.2.1
Pre-Boiler...................................................................................
35
3-1.2.2
After-Boiler.................................................................................
36
3-1.2.3
Boiler Components ....................................................................
36
3-1.2.4
Steam Drum...............................................................................
36
3-1.2.5
Steam Header............................................................................
36
3-1.3
Measuring Equipment................................................................
36
3-1.4
Common Boiler Problems ..........................................................
37
3-1.4.1
Corrosion Problems ...................................................................
37
3-1.4.2
Deposition Problems..................................................................
37
3-1.4.3
Carryover Problems ...................................................................
40
3-1.5
Calculations ...............................................................................
40
3-1.5.1
Cycles of Concentration (COC) .................................................
40
3-1.5.2
Blowdown ..................................................................................
41
3-1.5.3
Water Balance for Feedwater, Evaporation, and Blowdown .....
41
3-1.5.4
Calculation of Feedwater and Blowdown Water ........................
41
3-1.5.5
Relationship Between Feedwater, Blowdown,
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