INTRODUCTION - 3_440_040014
Related criteria-continued - 3_440_040015
Related criteria-continued - 3_440_040016
Solar energy
Figure 1-1. The sun's path across the sky at specific times of the year
Table 1-1. Total Horizontal Solar Radiation Intensity (Btu/ft -day) from Solar Energy Research Institute
Table 1-1. Total Horizontal Solar Radiation Intensity (Btu/ft -day) from Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040020
Table 1-1. Total Horizontal Solar Radiation Intensity (Btu/ft -day) from Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040021
Table 1-1. Total Horizontal Solar Radiation Intensity (Btu/ft -day) from Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040022
Table 1-1. Total Horizontal Solar Radiation Intensity (Btu/ft -day) from Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040023
Table 1-1. Total Horizontal Solar Radiation Intensity (Btu/ft -day) from Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040024
Solar collector orientation
Figure 1-3. Collector tilt for domestic hot water
Solar collector orientation-continued
Advantages and disadvantages
SOLAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Figure 2-1. Types of solar heat collectors
Liquid and air-type collectors
Table 2-1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Air and Liquid Heating Systems
Collector covers (glazes)
TABLE 2-2. Characteristics of Absorber Coatings
TABLE 2-2. Characteristics of Absorber Coatings-continued
Table 2-3. A Comparison of Various Materials Used for Collector Covers
Collector insulation
Table 2-4. Guide to Selection of Number of Transparent Cover Plates
Figure 2-2. Single gasket seal for double glazing
Collector fluids - corrosion and freeze protection
Drain Down or Drain Back Method
Figure 2-4. Typical configurations for solar water heater systems
Figure 2-5. Heat exchangers for solar water heating systems
Pitting corrosion
Silicone fluids
Table 2-5. Heat Transfer
Table 2-5. Heat Transfer-continued
Hydrocarbons
Collector connections
Figure 2-6. Connection schemes for solar heating systems
The differences between the NBS and the ASHRAE standard
A large amount of test data on solar collectors
Figure 2-7. Typical Solar Collector Efficiencies
Table 2-6. Solar collector test results
Table 2-6. Solar collector test results-continued - 3_440_040055
Table 2-6. Solar collector test results-continued - 3_440_040056
Table 2-6. Solar collector test results-continued - 3_440_040057
Table 2-6. Solar collector test results-continued - 3_440_040058
Table 2-6. Solar collector test results-continued - 3_440_040059
Table 2-6. Solar collector test results-continued - 3_440_040060
Other types of solar collectors
Concentrating collectors
Energy storage and auxiliary heat
Air systems
Figure 2-10. Schematic of potable hot water heating system using solar storage
Storage tanks - 3_440_040066
Domestic hot water systems (DHW)
Table 2-7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Tank Types
Table 2-8. Storage Tank Costs
Table 2-9. Hot Water Demands and Use for Various Types of Buildings
Figure 2-11a. Thermosyphon System Tests
Thermosyphon, batch, and integral storage collector systems
Space heating and DHW systems
Figure 2-12. Minimum heating system, showing relationship of collector, storage, and room unit heater
Figure 2-14. Space heating and domestic hot water system
Figure 2-15. Typical air-type space heating system
Heat distribution for liquid-type solar systems
Heat distribution for air-type solar systems
Heat pumps
The "parallel" SAHP system
Figure 2-17. Series connected, solar assisted heat pump system
Figure 2-18. Parallel-connected solar-assisted heat pump systems
Passive systems
Figure 2-19. Passive solar energy systems
South-facing passive storage walls in direct sunlight
Figure 2-21. Vertical wall solar collector
Figure 2-22. South wall solar collector with combined storage
Figure 2-23. Retrofitted large rock bin storage
Solar cooling systems
Figure 2-24. Schematic of Lithium bromide absorption cooler
Rankine cycle heat engine cooling
Desiccant cooling (Scholten and Curran, 1979)
Figure 2-25. Schematic of solar desiccant cooling
Other cooling methods
System controls - 3_440_040095
Figure 2-27. Control system for space and DHW heating
Piping, pumps, valves
Pumps and collector flowrate
Other considerations - 3_440_040099
Contract submittals required
Other applicable documents
DESIGN METHODS
Figure 3-1. Fraction of space heating/DHW load supplied by solar energy
The value for [epsilon]c, effectiveness of the collector - tank heat exchanger
Load calculations - Worksheet C-l
Demand calculations - DHW - worksheet C-2
Table 3-2. Total Heating Degree Days (Base 65˚ F) From Solar Energy Research Institute
Table 3-2. Total Heating Degree Days (Base 65˚ F) From Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040108
Table 3-2. Total Heating Degree Days (Base 65˚ F) From Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040109
Table 3-2. Total Heating Degree Days (Base 65˚ F) From Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040110
Table 3-2. Total Heating Degree Days (Base 65˚ F) From Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040111
Table 3-2. Total Heating Degree Days (Base 65˚ F) From Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040112
Monthly solar collection parameters - Worksheet D-1
Table 3-3. DHW Temperature at Source in Selected Locations
Figure 3-2. Slope Factor. S. for use on Worksheet D-1 (Average Over 1 Day)
Table 3-4. Average Daytime Ambient temperature (˚F) from Solar Energy Research Institute
Table 3-4. Average Daytime Ambient temperature (˚F) from Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040117
Table 3-4. Average Daytime Ambient temperature (˚F) from Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040118
Table 3-4. Average Daytime Ambient temperature (˚F) from Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040119
Table 3-4. Average Daytime Ambient temperature (˚F) from Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040120
Table 3-4. Average Daytime Ambient temperature (˚F) from Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040121
Economic analysis
ENERGY CONVERSION FACTORS
Operating and maintenance (O&M) costs
Present worth analysis using a discount factor - Worksheet E-1 or E-2
Present worth analysis without the discount factor - Worksheet E-1
Table 3-5a. Annual Fuel Inflation Factors, 10% Discount
Table 3-5b. Fuel Inflation Factors - No Discount
Table 3-5c. Annual Fuel Inflation Factors, 7% Discount
Solar system cost - Worksheet F
Table 3-7. Solar Collector Prices
Air-heating collector design - Worksheet H
Figure 3-3. Fraction of space heating/DHW load supplied by solar air heating systems
WORKSHEET A Job Summary - 3_440_040134
WORKSHEET SOLAR COLLECTOR PARAMETERS
WORKSHEET C-1. LOAD CALCULATIONS
WORKSHEET C-2 DEMAND CALCULATIONS DOMESTIC WATER HEATER
WORKSHEET D-1 MONTHLY SOLAR COLLECTION PARAMETERS - 3_440_040138
WORKSHEET D-2 FRACTION OF LOAD SUPPLIED BY SOLAR HEAT - 3_440_040139
WORKSHEET E-1 VALUE OF FUEL SAVED - 3_440_040140
WORKSHEET E-2 PRESENT WORTH ANALYSIS - 3_440_040141
WORKSHEET F SOLAR SYSTEM COST ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET G ADDITIONAL COST ITEMS RELATED TO USE OF SOLAR HEATING
WORKSHEET H SOLAR AIR COLLECTOR SYSTEM DESIGN SUMMARY
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
Worksheet D-2
Example 1 - worksheets
WORKSHEET A Job Summary - 3_440_040148
WORKSHEET B SOLAR COLLECTOR PARAMETERS
LOAD CALCULATIONS
DEMAND CALCULATIONS DOMESTIC WATER HEATER
WORKSHEET D-1 MONTHLY SOLAR COLLECTION PARAMETERS - 3_440_040152
WORKSHEET D-2 FRACTION OF LOAD SUPPLIED BY SOLAR HEAT - 3_440_040153
WORKSHEET E-1 VALUE OF FUEL SAVED - 3_440_040154
WORKSHEET E-2 PRESENT WORTH ANALYSIS - 3_440_040155
WORSHEET F SOLAR SYSTEM COST ANALYSIS
DIRECTORY OF SOLAR EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER
REFERENCES (*) AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCES (*) AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY-continued - 3_440_040159
REFERENCES (*) AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY-continued - 3_440_040160
REFERENCES (*) AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY-continued - 3_440_040161
REFERENCES (*) AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY-continued - 3_440_040162
REFERENCES (*) AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY-continued - 3_440_040163
REFERENCES (*) AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY-continued - 3_440_040164
LIST OF SYMBOL
LIST OF SYMBOL-continued - 3_440_040166
LIST OF SYMBOL-continued - 3_440_040167
3_440_04
Related criteria-continued - 3_440_040015
Related criteria-continued - 3_440_040016
Solar energy
Figure 1-1. The sun's path across the sky at specific times of the year
Table 1-1. Total Horizontal Solar Radiation Intensity (Btu/ft -day) from Solar Energy Research Institute
Table 1-1. Total Horizontal Solar Radiation Intensity (Btu/ft -day) from Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040020
Table 1-1. Total Horizontal Solar Radiation Intensity (Btu/ft -day) from Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040021
Table 1-1. Total Horizontal Solar Radiation Intensity (Btu/ft -day) from Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040022
Table 1-1. Total Horizontal Solar Radiation Intensity (Btu/ft -day) from Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040023
Table 1-1. Total Horizontal Solar Radiation Intensity (Btu/ft -day) from Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040024
Solar collector orientation
Figure 1-3. Collector tilt for domestic hot water
Solar collector orientation-continued
Advantages and disadvantages
SOLAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Figure 2-1. Types of solar heat collectors
Liquid and air-type collectors
Table 2-1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Air and Liquid Heating Systems
Collector covers (glazes)
TABLE 2-2. Characteristics of Absorber Coatings
TABLE 2-2. Characteristics of Absorber Coatings-continued
Table 2-3. A Comparison of Various Materials Used for Collector Covers
Collector insulation
Table 2-4. Guide to Selection of Number of Transparent Cover Plates
Figure 2-2. Single gasket seal for double glazing
Collector fluids - corrosion and freeze protection
Drain Down or Drain Back Method
Figure 2-4. Typical configurations for solar water heater systems
Figure 2-5. Heat exchangers for solar water heating systems
Pitting corrosion
Silicone fluids
Table 2-5. Heat Transfer
Table 2-5. Heat Transfer-continued
Hydrocarbons
Collector connections
Figure 2-6. Connection schemes for solar heating systems
The differences between the NBS and the ASHRAE standard
A large amount of test data on solar collectors
Figure 2-7. Typical Solar Collector Efficiencies
Table 2-6. Solar collector test results
Table 2-6. Solar collector test results-continued - 3_440_040055
Table 2-6. Solar collector test results-continued - 3_440_040056
Table 2-6. Solar collector test results-continued - 3_440_040057
Table 2-6. Solar collector test results-continued - 3_440_040058
Table 2-6. Solar collector test results-continued - 3_440_040059
Table 2-6. Solar collector test results-continued - 3_440_040060
Other types of solar collectors
Concentrating collectors
Energy storage and auxiliary heat
Air systems
Figure 2-10. Schematic of potable hot water heating system using solar storage
Storage tanks - 3_440_040066
Domestic hot water systems (DHW)
Table 2-7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Tank Types
Table 2-8. Storage Tank Costs
Table 2-9. Hot Water Demands and Use for Various Types of Buildings
Figure 2-11a. Thermosyphon System Tests
Thermosyphon, batch, and integral storage collector systems
Space heating and DHW systems
Figure 2-12. Minimum heating system, showing relationship of collector, storage, and room unit heater
Figure 2-14. Space heating and domestic hot water system
Figure 2-15. Typical air-type space heating system
Heat distribution for liquid-type solar systems
Heat distribution for air-type solar systems
Heat pumps
The "parallel" SAHP system
Figure 2-17. Series connected, solar assisted heat pump system
Figure 2-18. Parallel-connected solar-assisted heat pump systems
Passive systems
Figure 2-19. Passive solar energy systems
South-facing passive storage walls in direct sunlight
Figure 2-21. Vertical wall solar collector
Figure 2-22. South wall solar collector with combined storage
Figure 2-23. Retrofitted large rock bin storage
Solar cooling systems
Figure 2-24. Schematic of Lithium bromide absorption cooler
Rankine cycle heat engine cooling
Desiccant cooling (Scholten and Curran, 1979)
Figure 2-25. Schematic of solar desiccant cooling
Other cooling methods
System controls - 3_440_040095
Figure 2-27. Control system for space and DHW heating
Piping, pumps, valves
Pumps and collector flowrate
Other considerations - 3_440_040099
Contract submittals required
Other applicable documents
DESIGN METHODS
Figure 3-1. Fraction of space heating/DHW load supplied by solar energy
The value for [epsilon]c, effectiveness of the collector - tank heat exchanger
Load calculations - Worksheet C-l
Demand calculations - DHW - worksheet C-2
Table 3-2. Total Heating Degree Days (Base 65˚ F) From Solar Energy Research Institute
Table 3-2. Total Heating Degree Days (Base 65˚ F) From Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040108
Table 3-2. Total Heating Degree Days (Base 65˚ F) From Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040109
Table 3-2. Total Heating Degree Days (Base 65˚ F) From Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040110
Table 3-2. Total Heating Degree Days (Base 65˚ F) From Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040111
Table 3-2. Total Heating Degree Days (Base 65˚ F) From Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040112
Monthly solar collection parameters - Worksheet D-1
Table 3-3. DHW Temperature at Source in Selected Locations
Figure 3-2. Slope Factor. S. for use on Worksheet D-1 (Average Over 1 Day)
Table 3-4. Average Daytime Ambient temperature (˚F) from Solar Energy Research Institute
Table 3-4. Average Daytime Ambient temperature (˚F) from Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040117
Table 3-4. Average Daytime Ambient temperature (˚F) from Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040118
Table 3-4. Average Daytime Ambient temperature (˚F) from Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040119
Table 3-4. Average Daytime Ambient temperature (˚F) from Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040120
Table 3-4. Average Daytime Ambient temperature (˚F) from Solar Energy Research Institute-continued - 3_440_040121
Economic analysis
ENERGY CONVERSION FACTORS
Operating and maintenance (O&M) costs
Present worth analysis using a discount factor - Worksheet E-1 or E-2
Present worth analysis without the discount factor - Worksheet E-1
Table 3-5a. Annual Fuel Inflation Factors, 10% Discount
Table 3-5b. Fuel Inflation Factors - No Discount
Table 3-5c. Annual Fuel Inflation Factors, 7% Discount
Solar system cost - Worksheet F
Table 3-7. Solar Collector Prices
Air-heating collector design - Worksheet H
Figure 3-3. Fraction of space heating/DHW load supplied by solar air heating systems
WORKSHEET A Job Summary - 3_440_040134
WORKSHEET SOLAR COLLECTOR PARAMETERS
WORKSHEET C-1. LOAD CALCULATIONS
WORKSHEET C-2 DEMAND CALCULATIONS DOMESTIC WATER HEATER
WORKSHEET D-1 MONTHLY SOLAR COLLECTION PARAMETERS - 3_440_040138
WORKSHEET D-2 FRACTION OF LOAD SUPPLIED BY SOLAR HEAT - 3_440_040139
WORKSHEET E-1 VALUE OF FUEL SAVED - 3_440_040140
WORKSHEET E-2 PRESENT WORTH ANALYSIS - 3_440_040141
WORKSHEET F SOLAR SYSTEM COST ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET G ADDITIONAL COST ITEMS RELATED TO USE OF SOLAR HEATING
WORKSHEET H SOLAR AIR COLLECTOR SYSTEM DESIGN SUMMARY
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
Worksheet D-2
Example 1 - worksheets
WORKSHEET A Job Summary - 3_440_040148
WORKSHEET B SOLAR COLLECTOR PARAMETERS
LOAD CALCULATIONS
DEMAND CALCULATIONS DOMESTIC WATER HEATER
WORKSHEET D-1 MONTHLY SOLAR COLLECTION PARAMETERS - 3_440_040152
WORKSHEET D-2 FRACTION OF LOAD SUPPLIED BY SOLAR HEAT - 3_440_040153
WORKSHEET E-1 VALUE OF FUEL SAVED - 3_440_040154
WORKSHEET E-2 PRESENT WORTH ANALYSIS - 3_440_040155
WORSHEET F SOLAR SYSTEM COST ANALYSIS
DIRECTORY OF SOLAR EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER
REFERENCES (*) AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCES (*) AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY-continued - 3_440_040159
REFERENCES (*) AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY-continued - 3_440_040160
REFERENCES (*) AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY-continued - 3_440_040161
REFERENCES (*) AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY-continued - 3_440_040162
REFERENCES (*) AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY-continued - 3_440_040163
REFERENCES (*) AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY-continued - 3_440_040164
LIST OF SYMBOL
LIST OF SYMBOL-continued - 3_440_040166
LIST OF SYMBOL-continued - 3_440_040167
3_440_04
