SOIL MECHANICS
Record of Changes - 3_220_100002
FOREWORD - 3_220_100003
CONTENTS - 3_220_100004
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION - 3_220_100005
APPENDIX A. DESIGN MANUAL 7.01 SOIL MECHANICS
CCB Application Notes - 3_220_100007
Soil Mechanics DESIGN MANUAL 7.01
NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND PUBLICATIONS TRANSMITTAL - 3_220_100009
NAVFAC DM/P MANUAL DISTRIBUTION (01/87) - 3_220_100010
NAVFAC DM/P MANUAL DISTRIBUTION (01/87)-continued
RECORD OF DOCUMENT CHANGES - 3_220_100012
RECORD OF DOCUMENT CHANGES-continued
FOREWORD - 3_220_100016
SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS DESIGN MANUALS
CONTENTS - 3_220_100018
CONTENTS-continued - 3_220_100019
FIGURES - 3_220_100020
FIGURES-continued - 3_220_100021
FIGURES-continued - 3_220_100022
FIGURES-continued - 3_220_100023
TABLES - 3_220_100024
TABLES-continued - 3_220_100025
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - 3_220_100026
CHAPTER 1. IDENTIFICATION ID CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL AND ROCK
TABLE 1. Principal Soil Deposits
TABLE 1. Principal Soil Deposits-continued - 3_220_100029
TABLE 1. Principal Soil Deposits-continued - 3_220_100030
TABLE 1. Principal Soil Deposits-continued - 3_220_100031
TABLE 1. Principal Soil Deposits-continued - 3_220_100032
Section 3. SOIL IDENTIFICATION
TABLE 2. Visual Identification of Samples
TABLE 3. Unified Soil Classification System
TABLE 3. Unified Soil Classification System-continued - 3_220_100036
TABLE 3. Unified Soil Classification System-continued - 3_220_100037
TABLE 3. Unified Soil Classification System-continued - 3_220_100038
TABLE 3. Unified Soil Classification System-continued - 3_220_100039
FIGURE 1. Estimated Compactness of Sand from Standard Penetration Test
Fine-Grained Soils
Section 4. SOIL CLASSIFICATION AND PROPERTIES
TABLE 4. Guide for Consistency of Fine-Grained Soils
FIGURE 2. Utilization of Atterberg Plasticity Limits
Section 5. ROCK CLASSIFICATION AND PROPERTIES
TABLE 5. Soil Classification for Organic Soils
TABLE 5. Soil Classification for Organic Soils-continued
TABLE 6. Typical Values of Soil Index Properties
TABLE 6. Typical Values of Soil Index Properties-continued
TABLE 7. Weathering Classification
TABLE 8. Discontinuity Spacing
CLASSIFICATION BY FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND STRENGTH TESTS
TABLE 9. Hardness Classification of Intact Rock
TABLE 10. Simplified Rock Classification
TABLE 10. Simplified Rock Classification-continued - 3_220_100055
TABLE 10. Simplified Rock Classification-continued - 3_220_100056
TABLE 10. Simplified Rock Classification-continued - 3_220_100057
TABLE 11. Engineering Classification For In Situ Rock Quality
FIGURE 3. Strength Classification
Section 6. SPECIAL MATERIALS
TABLE 12. Identification and Characteristics of Special Materials
TABLE 12. Identification and Characteristics of Special Materials-continued - 3_220_100062
TABLE 12. Identification and Characteristics of Special Materials-continued - 3_220_100063
FIGURE 4. Volume Change Potential Classification for Clay Soils
COLLAPSING SOILS
FIGURE 5. Criterion for Collapse Potential
FIGURE 6. Typical Collapse Potential Test Results
FIGURE 7. Extreme Frost Penetration (in inches) Based upon State Average
Coral and Coral Formation
QUICK CLAYS
REFERENCES - 3_220_100071
REFERENCES-continued - 3_220_100072
REFERENCES-continued - 3_220_100073
CHAPTER 2. FIELD EXPLORATION, TESTING, AND INSTRUMENTATION
FIGURE 1. Sample Boring Log
Section 2. PUBLISHED SOIL AND GEOLOGICAL MAPS
TABLE 1. Sources of Geological Information
TABLE 1. Sources of Geological Information-continued - 3_220_100078
TABLE 1. Sources of Geological Information-continued - 3_220_100079
TABLE 2. Remote Sensing Data - 3_220_100080
TABLE 2. Remote Sensing Data-continued - 3_220_100081
TABLE 2. Remote Sensing Data-continued - 3_220_100082
TABLE 2. Remote Sensing Data-continued - 3_220_100083
Section 4. GEOPHYSICAL METHODS
TABLE 2. Remote Sensing Data - 3_220_100085
TABLE 3. Onshore Geophysics for Engineering Purposes
TABLE 3. Onshore Geophysics for Engineering Purposes-continued
TABLE 4. Offshore Geophysical Methods
TABLE 4. Offshore Geophysical Methods-continued
Section 5. SOIL BORINGS AND TEST PITS
TABLE 5. Types of Test Borings
TABLE 5. Types of Test Borings-continued
TABLE 6. Requirements for Boring Layout
TABLE 6. Requirements for Boring Layout-continued
TABLE 7. Requirements for Boring Depths
TEST PITS
TABLE 8. Use, Capabilities and Limitations of test Pits and Trenches
Section 6. SAMPLING
TABLE 9. Common Samplers for Disturbed Soil Samples and Rock Cores
TABLE 9. Common Samplers for Disturbed Soil Samples and Rock Cores-continued - 3_220_100100
TABLE 9. Common Samplers for Disturbed Soil Samples and Rock Cores-continued - 3_220_100101
TABLE 10. Common Samplers for Undisturbed Samples
TABLE 10. Common Samplers for Undisturbed Samples-continued - 3_220_100103
TABLE 10. Common Samplers for Undisturbed Samples-continued - 3_220_100104
UNDISTURBED SAMPLES FROM TEST PITS
FIGURE 2. Standard Sizes, in inches, for Casings, Rods, Core Barrels, and Holes
TABLE 11. Sampling of Disintegrated Rock Zones
TABLE 12. Common Underwater Samplers
TABLE 12. Common Underwater Samplers-continued
Section 7. PENETRATION RESISTANCE TESTS
Cone Penetrometer Tests (CPT)
FIGURE 3. Correlations Between Relative Density and Standard Penetration Resistance in Accordance with Gibbs and Holtz
FIGURE 4. Correlations of Standard Penetration Resistance
FIGURE 5. Shear Modulus vs. N Values (SPT) at Very Small Strains
TABLE 13. Procedures Which May Affect the Measured "N" Values
TABLE 13. Procedures Which May Affect the Measured "N" Values-continued
FIGURE 6. Dutch Cone Penetrometer
Section 8. GROUNDWATER MEASUREMENTS
TABLE 14. Groundwater or Piezometric Level Monitoring Devices
FIGURE 7. Open Standpipe Piezometers
FIGURE 8. Porous Element Piezometers
Section 9. MEASUREMENT OF SOIL AND ROCK PROPERTIES IN SITU
FIGURE 9. Sources of Error and Corrective Methods in groundwater Pressure Measurements
FIGURE 10. Vane Shear Test Arrangement
DEFORMATION MODULI
FIGURE 11. Menard Pressuremeter Equipment
FIGURE 12. Analysis of Plate Bearing Tests
Factors Affecting Tests
FIGURE 13. Analysis of Permeability by Variable Head Tests
TABLE 15. Shape Factors for Computation of Permeability From Variable Head Tests
TABLE 15. Shape Factors for Computation of Permeability From Variable Head Tests-continued
FIGURE 14. Test Zone Isolation Methods
Percolation Test
IN-PLACE DENSITY
Section 10. FIELD INSTRUMENTATION
FIGURE 15. Example of Instrumentation Adjacent to a Building and Diaphragm Wall
Loads and Temperature
TABLE 16. Load and Temperature Devices in Walled Excavation Elements
TABLE 16. Load and Temperature Devices in Walled Excavation Elements-continued
REFERENCES - 3_220_100140
REFERENCES-continued - 3_220_100141
CHAPTER 3. LABORATORY TESTING
TABLE 1. Requirements for Index Properties Tests and Testing Standards
TABLE 1. Requirements for Index Properties Tests and Testing Standards-continued - 3_220_100144
TABLE 1. Requirements for Index Properties Tests and Testing Standards-continued - 3_220_100145
TABLE 2. Requirements for Structural Properties
TABLE 2. Requirements for Structural Properties-continued - 3_220_100147
TABLE 2. Requirements for Structural Properties-continued - 3_220_100148
TABLE 3. Requirements for Dynamic Tests
TABLE 4. Requirements for Compacted Samples Tests
TABLE 4. Requirements for Compacted Samples Tests-continued
TABLE 5. Soil Properties for Analysis and Design
TABLE 5. Soil Properties for Analysis and Design-continued - 3_220_100153
TABLE 5. Soil Properties for Analysis and Design-continued - 3_220_100154
TABLE 5. Soil Properties for Analysis and Design-continued - 3_220_100155
TABLE 5. Soil Properties for Analysis and Design-continued - 3_220_100156
TABLE 5. Soil Properties for Analysis and Design-continued - 3_220_100157
Index Properties Tests
Section 2. INDEX PROPERTIES TESTS
TABLE 6. Volume and Weight Relationships
TABLE 6. Volume and Weight Relationships-continued
Section 3. PERMEABILITY TESTS
Section 4. CONSOLIDATION TESTS
FIGURE 1. Permeability of Sands and Sand-Gravel Mixtures
FIGURE 2. Consolidation Test Relationships
PRECONSOLIDATION PRESSURE
FIGURE 3. Preconsolidation Pressure vs. Lquidity Index
SECONDARY COMPRESSION - 3_220_100168
FIGURE 4. Approximate Correlations for Consolidation Characteristics of Silts and Clays
Section 5. SHEAR STRENGTH TESTS
FIGURE 5. Triaxial Apparatus Schematic
FIGURE 6. Triaxial Shear Test Relationships
TEST SELECTION
FIGURE 7. Correlations of Strength Characteristics for Granular Soils
Type of Application
Section 5. DYNAMIC TESTING
TABLE 7. Capabilities of Dynamic Testing Apparatus
Section 7. TESTS ON COMPACTED SOILS
Section 8. TESTS ON ROCK
TABLE 8. Test Procedures for Intact Rock
ROCK QUALITY TESTS
TABLE 9. Test Procedures for Aggregate
REFERENCES - 3_220_100183
REFERENCES-continued - 3_220_100184
REFERENCES-continued - 3_220_100185
CHAPTER 4. DISTRIBUTION OF STRESSES
Section 3. STRESSES BENEATH STRUCTURES AND EMBANKMENTS
Vertical Stresses Beneath Regular Loads
FIGURE 1. Examples of Stress Conditions at a Point
FIGURE 2. Formulas for Stresses in Semi-Infinite Elastic Foundation
FIGURE 2. Formulas for Stresses in Semi-Infinite Elastic Foundation-continued
FIGURE 3. Stress Contours and Their Application
FIGURE 4. Influence Value for Vertical Stress Beneath a Corner of a Uniformly Loaded Rectangular Area
FIGURE 5. Influence Value for Vertical Stress Under Uniformly Loaded Circular Area
FIGURE 6. Influence Value for Vertical Stress Under Embankment Load of Infinite Length
FIGURE 7. Influence Value for Vertical Stress Beneath Triangular Load
FIGURE 8. Examples of Computation of Vertical Stress
FIGURE 9. Determination of Stress Below Corner of Uniformly Loaded Rectangular Area
FIGURE 10. Influence Chart for Vertical Stress Beneath Irregular Load
LAYERED OR ANISOTROPIC FOUNDATIONS
FIGURE 11. Vertical Stress Contours for Square and Strip Footings
FIGURE 12. Influence Value for Vertical Stress Beneath a Corner of a Uniformly Loaded Rectangular Area
FIGURE 13. Influence Value for Vertical Stress Beneath Triangular Load
FIGURE 14. Influence Values for Vertical Stresses Beneath Uniformly Loaded Circular Area
FIGURE 15. Stress Profile in a Two-Layer Soil Mass
RIGID LOADED AREA
FIGURE 16. Contact Pressure Under (a) Rigid Footings (b) Flexible Foundation on an Elastic Half Space
FIGURE 17. Influence Values for Vertical Stresses Around a Pile in an Elastic Solid
RIGID PIPE
FIGURE 18. Backfill Coefficients, Embankment Loads, and Load Factors for Rigid Conduits
FIGURE 18. Backfill Coefficients, Embankment Loads, and Load Factors for Rigid Conduits-continued
FIGURE 19. Vertical Pressure on Culvert Versus Height of Cover
FLEXIBLE STEEL PIPE
FIGURE 20. Pressure Coefficients for Corrugated Flexible Conduits
CONDUITS BENEATH EMBANKMENTS OF FINITE WIDTH
FIGURE 21. Example of Ring Deflection
Section 5. DEEP UNDERGROUND OPENINGS
FIGURE 22. Conduits Beneath Embankments of Finite Width
LOADS ON UNDERGROUND OPENINGS IN ROCK
TABLE 1. Overburden Rock Load Carried by Roof Support
OPENINGS IN SOFT GROUND
FIGURE 23. Load Action on Underground Opening in Earth
PRESSURE ON VERTICAL SHAFTS
TABLE 2. Loads For Temporary Supports in Earth Tunnels at Depths More Than 1.5 (B + H+t,)
TABLE 2. Loads For Temporary Supports in Earth Tunnels at Depths More Than 1.5 (B + H+t,)-continued
FIGURE 24. Coefficients for Active or Passive Pressures on Underground Cylindrical Shafts or Silos
Section 6. NUMERICAL STRESS ANALYSIS
REFERENCES - 3_220_100228
REFERENCES-continued - 3_220_100229
CHAPTER 5. ANALYSIS OF SETTLEMENT AND VOLUME EXPANSION
FIGURE 1. Consolidation Settlement Analysis
FIGURE 2. Profiles of Vertical Stresses Before Construction
FIGURE 2. Profiles of Vertical Stresses Before Construction-continued
Section 3. INSTANTANEOUS SETTLEMENT
FIGURE 3. Computation of Total Settlement for Various Loading Conditions
TOTAL SETTLEMENT IN GRANULAR SOILS
TABLE 1. Shape and Rigidity Factors I for Calculating Settlements of Points on Loaded Areas
TABLE 1. Shape and Rigidity Factors I for Calculating Settlements of Points on Loaded Areas-continued - 3_220_100238
TABLE 1. Shape and Rigidity Factors I for Calculating Settlements of Points on Loaded Areas-continued - 3_220_100239
TABLE 2. Relationship Between Undrained Modulus and Overconsolidation Ratio
FIGURE 4a. Relationship Between Settlement Ratio and Applied Stress Ratio for Strip Foundation on Homogeneous Isotropic Layer
FIGURE 4b. Relationship Between Initial Shear Stress and Overconsolidation Ratio
FIGURE 5. Example of Immediate Settlement Computations in Clay
FIGURE 6. Instantaneous Settlement of isolated Footings on Coarse-Grained Soils
FIGURE 7. Settlement of Footings Over Granular Soils - 3_220_100245
FIGURE 7. Settlement of Footings Over Granular Soils-continued
FIGURE 7. Settlement of Footings Over Granular Soils - 3_220_100247
Section 4. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SETTLEMENTS
TABLE 3. Estimates of Coefficient of Consolidation (C+c,)
FIGURE 8. Relation Between Settlement Ratio and Overconsolidation Ratio
TIME RATE OF PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION
FIGURE 9. Time Rate of Consolidation for Vertical Drainage Due to Instantaneous Loading
FIGURE 10. Vertical Sand Drains and Settlement Time Rate 7.1-228
FIGURE 11. Monograph for Consolidation With Vertical Drainage
FIGURE 12. Effect of Drainage Conditions on Time Rate of Consolidation
SECONDARY COMPRESSION - 3_220_100256
FIGURE 13. Time Rate of Consolidation for Gradual Load Application
FIGURE 14. Coefficient of Consolidation from Field Measurements
FIGURE 14. Coefficient of Consolidation from Field Measurements-continued
FIGURE 15. Procedure for Determining the Pate of Consolidation for All Soil Systems Containing "N" layers
FIGURE 15. Procedure for Determining the Pate of Consolidation for All Soil Systems Containing "N" layers-continued
FIGURE 16. Coefficient of Secondary Compressions as Related to Natural Water Content
Section 5. TOLERABLE AND DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
TABLE 4. Tolerable Settlements for Building
TABLE 5. Tolerable Differential Settlement for Miscellaneous Structures
Section 6. METHODS OF REDUCING OR ACCELERATING SETTLEMENT
TABLE 6. Methods of Reducing or Accelerating Settlement or Coping with Settlement
TABLE 6. Methods of Reducing or Accelerating Settlement or Coping with Settlement-continued
BALANCING LOAD BY EXCAVATION
FIGURE 17. Surcharge Load Required to Eliminate Settlement Under Final Load
VERTICAL DRAINS
TABLE 7. Common Types of Vertical Drains
FIGURE 18. Data for Typical Sand Drain Installation
FIGURE 19. Nomograph for Consolidation with Radial Drainage to Vertical Sand Drain
FIGURE 20. Example of Surcharge and Sand Drain Design
FIGURE 20. Example of Surcharge and Sand Drain Design-continued
FIGURE 21. Allowance for Smear Effect in Sand Drain Design
Section 7. ANALYSIS OF VOLUME EXPANSION
TABLE 8. Heave from Volume Change
TABLE 8. Heave from Volume Change-continued
FIGURE 22. Computation of Swell of Dessicated Clays
REFERENCES - 3_220_100282
REFERENCES-continued - 3_220_100283
CHAPTER 5. SEEPAGE AND DRAINAGE
FIGURE 1. Flow Net Construction and Seepage Analysis
FIGURE 1. Flow Net Construction and Seepage Analysis-continued
SEEPAGE FORCES
Section 3. SEEPAGE CONTROL BY CUTOFF
TABLE 1. Cutoff Methods for Seepage Control
TABLE 1. Cutoff Methods for Seepage Control-continued - 3_220_100290
TABLE 1. Cutoff Methods for Seepage Control-continued - 3_220_100291
Penetration Required
FIGURE 2. Penetration of Cut Off Wall to Prevent Pipings in Isotropic Sand
FIGURE 3. Penetration of Cut Off Wall Required to Prevent Piping in Stratified Sand
FIGURE 3. Penetration of Cut Off Wall Required to Prevent Piping in Stratified Sand-continued
Section 4. DESIGN OF DRAINAGE BLANKET AND FILTERS
FIGURE 4. Design Criteria for Protective Filters
FIGURE 4. Design Criteria for Protective Filters-continued
Non-woven filter cloths
DRAINAGE BLANKET
FIGURE 5. Typical Filter and Drainage Blanket Applications
FIGURE 6. Permeability and Capillarity of Drainage Materials
FIGURE 7. Analysis of Drainage Layer Performance
Section 5. WELLPOINT SYSTEMS AND DEEP WELLS
FIGURE 8. Intercepting Drains for Roadways on a Slope
FIGURE 9. Rate of Seepage into Drainage Trench
WELLPOINT SYSTEMS
PUMPING WELLS
FIGURE 10. Groundwater Lowering by Pumping Wells
FIGURE 11. Drainage of Artesian Layer by Line of Relief Wells
Section 6. LININGS FOR RESERVOIRS AND POLLUTION CONTROL FACILITIES
TABLE 2. Impermeable Reservoir Linings
TABLE 2. Impermeable Reservoir Linings-continued
SURFACE EROSION CONTROL
FIGURE 12. Nomograph for Determining Soil Erodibility (K) for Universal Soil Loss Equation
TABLE 3. Typical Erosion Control Practice
TABLE 3. Typical Erosion Control Practice-continued - 3_220_100317
TABLE 3. Typical Erosion Control Practice-continued - 3_220_100318
TABLE 3. Typical Erosion Control Practice-continued - 3_220_100319
TABLE 3. Typical Erosion Control Practice-continued - 3_220_100320
TABLE 3. Typical Erosion Control Practice-continued - 3_220_100321
TABLE 3. Typical Erosion Control Practice-continued - 3_220_100322
TABLE 3. Typical Erosion Control Practice-continued - 3_220_100323
TABLE 3. Typical Erosion Control Practice-continued - 3_220_100324
TABLE 4. Limiting Flow Velocities to Minimize Erosion
SEDIMENT CONTROL
FIGURE 13. Capacity of Sediment Control Ponds
FIGURE 13. Capacity of Sediment Control Ponds-continued
FIGURE 14. Design Criteria for Riprap and Filter on Earth Embankments
FIGURE 14. Design Criteria for Riprap and Filter on Earth Embankments-continued
REFERENCES - 3_220_100331
REFERENCES-continued - 3_220_100332
CHAPTER 7. SLOPE STABILITY AND PROTECTION
TABLE 1. Analysis of Stability of Natural Slopes
TABLE 1. Analysis of Stability of Natural Slopes-continued
TABLE 2. Analysis of Stability of Cut and Fill Slopes, Conditions Varying with Time
EFFECT OF SOIL OR ROCK TYPE
Section 3. METHODS OF ANALYSIS
FIGURE 1. Method of Slices - Simplified Bishop Method
FIGURE 1. Method of Slices - Simplified Bishop Method-continued - 3_220_100341
FIGURE 1. Method of Slices - Simplified Bishop Method-continued - 3_220_100342
SLOPE STABILITY CHARTS
FIGURE 2. Stability Analysis for Slopes in Cohesive Soils, Undrained Conditions
FIGURE 3. Center of Critical Circle, Slope in Cohesive Soil
FIGURE 4. Influence of Surcharge, Submergence, and Tension Cracks on Stability
FIGURE 5. Design of Beams for Embankments on Soft Clays
FIGURE 6. Stability Analysis of Translational Failure
FIGURE 6. Stability Analysis of Translational Failure-continued
FIGURE 7. Example of Stability Analysis of Translational Failure
FIGURE 7. Example of Stability Analysis of Translational Failure-continued - 3_220_100351
FIGURE 7. Example of Stability Analysis of Translational Failure-continued - 3_220_100352
FIGURE 8. Stability of Rock Slope
EARTHQUAKE LOADING
FIGURE 9. Earthquake Loading on Slopes
Section 4. EFFECTS OF SOIL PARAMETERS AND GROUNDWATER ON STABILITY
FIGURE 10. Correction Factors RE and RF to Account for Progressive Failure in Embankments
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER AND EXCESS PORE PRESSURE
TABLE 3. Pore Pressure Conditions for Stability Analysis Homogeneous Embankment
Section 5. SLOPE STABILIZATION
TABLE 4. Methods of Stabilizing Excavation Slopes
TABLE 4. Methods of Stabilizing Excavation Slopes-continued
Section 6. SLOPE PROTECTION
FIGURE 11. Influence of Stabilizing Pile on Safety Factor
FIGURE 11. Influence of Stabilizing Pile on Safety Factor-continued
FIGURE 12. Pile Stabilized Slope
FIGURE 13. Example Calculation - Pile Stabilized Slopes
FIGURE 13. Example Calculation - Pile Stabilized Slopes-continued - 3_220_100368
FIGURE 13. Example Calculation - Pile Stabilized Slopes-continued - 3_220_100369
FIGURE 13. Example Calculation - Pile Stabilized Slopes-continued - 3_220_100370
TYPES OF PROTECTION AVAILABLE
TABLE 5. Thickness and Gradation Limits of Dumped Riprap
REFERENCES - 3_220_100373
BIBLIOGRAPHY - 3_220_100374
BIBLIOGRAPHY-continued - 3_220_100375
APPENDIX A. Listing of Computer Programs
APPENDIX A. Listing of Computer Programs-continued
GLOSSARY - 3_220_100378
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_220_100379
SYMBOLS
SYMBOLS-continued - 3_220_100381
SYMBOLS-continued - 3_220_100382
SYMBOLS-continued - 3_220_100383
SYMBOLS-continued - 3_220_100384
SYMBOLS-continued - 3_220_100385
INDEX - 3_220_100386
INDEX-continued - 3_220_100387
INDEX-continued - 3_220_100388
INDEX-continued - 3_220_100389
INDEX-continued - 3_220_100390
INDEX-continued - 3_220_100391
INDEX-continued - 3_220_100392
INDEX-continued - 3_220_100393
INDEX-continued - 3_220_100394
3_220_10
Record of Changes - 3_220_100002
FOREWORD - 3_220_100003
CONTENTS - 3_220_100004
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION - 3_220_100005
APPENDIX A. DESIGN MANUAL 7.01 SOIL MECHANICS
CCB Application Notes - 3_220_100007
Soil Mechanics DESIGN MANUAL 7.01
NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND PUBLICATIONS TRANSMITTAL - 3_220_100009
NAVFAC DM/P MANUAL DISTRIBUTION (01/87) - 3_220_100010
NAVFAC DM/P MANUAL DISTRIBUTION (01/87)-continued
RECORD OF DOCUMENT CHANGES - 3_220_100012
RECORD OF DOCUMENT CHANGES-continued
FOREWORD - 3_220_100016
SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS DESIGN MANUALS
CONTENTS - 3_220_100018
CONTENTS-continued - 3_220_100019
FIGURES - 3_220_100020
FIGURES-continued - 3_220_100021
FIGURES-continued - 3_220_100022
FIGURES-continued - 3_220_100023
TABLES - 3_220_100024
TABLES-continued - 3_220_100025
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - 3_220_100026
CHAPTER 1. IDENTIFICATION ID CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL AND ROCK
TABLE 1. Principal Soil Deposits
TABLE 1. Principal Soil Deposits-continued - 3_220_100029
TABLE 1. Principal Soil Deposits-continued - 3_220_100030
TABLE 1. Principal Soil Deposits-continued - 3_220_100031
TABLE 1. Principal Soil Deposits-continued - 3_220_100032
Section 3. SOIL IDENTIFICATION
TABLE 2. Visual Identification of Samples
TABLE 3. Unified Soil Classification System
TABLE 3. Unified Soil Classification System-continued - 3_220_100036
TABLE 3. Unified Soil Classification System-continued - 3_220_100037
TABLE 3. Unified Soil Classification System-continued - 3_220_100038
TABLE 3. Unified Soil Classification System-continued - 3_220_100039
FIGURE 1. Estimated Compactness of Sand from Standard Penetration Test
Fine-Grained Soils
Section 4. SOIL CLASSIFICATION AND PROPERTIES
TABLE 4. Guide for Consistency of Fine-Grained Soils
FIGURE 2. Utilization of Atterberg Plasticity Limits
Section 5. ROCK CLASSIFICATION AND PROPERTIES
TABLE 5. Soil Classification for Organic Soils
TABLE 5. Soil Classification for Organic Soils-continued
TABLE 6. Typical Values of Soil Index Properties
TABLE 6. Typical Values of Soil Index Properties-continued
TABLE 7. Weathering Classification
TABLE 8. Discontinuity Spacing
CLASSIFICATION BY FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND STRENGTH TESTS
TABLE 9. Hardness Classification of Intact Rock
TABLE 10. Simplified Rock Classification
TABLE 10. Simplified Rock Classification-continued - 3_220_100055
TABLE 10. Simplified Rock Classification-continued - 3_220_100056
TABLE 10. Simplified Rock Classification-continued - 3_220_100057
TABLE 11. Engineering Classification For In Situ Rock Quality
FIGURE 3. Strength Classification
Section 6. SPECIAL MATERIALS
TABLE 12. Identification and Characteristics of Special Materials
TABLE 12. Identification and Characteristics of Special Materials-continued - 3_220_100062
TABLE 12. Identification and Characteristics of Special Materials-continued - 3_220_100063
FIGURE 4. Volume Change Potential Classification for Clay Soils
COLLAPSING SOILS
FIGURE 5. Criterion for Collapse Potential
FIGURE 6. Typical Collapse Potential Test Results
FIGURE 7. Extreme Frost Penetration (in inches) Based upon State Average
Coral and Coral Formation
QUICK CLAYS
REFERENCES - 3_220_100071
REFERENCES-continued - 3_220_100072
REFERENCES-continued - 3_220_100073
CHAPTER 2. FIELD EXPLORATION, TESTING, AND INSTRUMENTATION
FIGURE 1. Sample Boring Log
Section 2. PUBLISHED SOIL AND GEOLOGICAL MAPS
TABLE 1. Sources of Geological Information
TABLE 1. Sources of Geological Information-continued - 3_220_100078
TABLE 1. Sources of Geological Information-continued - 3_220_100079
TABLE 2. Remote Sensing Data - 3_220_100080
TABLE 2. Remote Sensing Data-continued - 3_220_100081
TABLE 2. Remote Sensing Data-continued - 3_220_100082
TABLE 2. Remote Sensing Data-continued - 3_220_100083
Section 4. GEOPHYSICAL METHODS
TABLE 2. Remote Sensing Data - 3_220_100085
TABLE 3. Onshore Geophysics for Engineering Purposes
TABLE 3. Onshore Geophysics for Engineering Purposes-continued
TABLE 4. Offshore Geophysical Methods
TABLE 4. Offshore Geophysical Methods-continued
Section 5. SOIL BORINGS AND TEST PITS
TABLE 5. Types of Test Borings
TABLE 5. Types of Test Borings-continued
TABLE 6. Requirements for Boring Layout
TABLE 6. Requirements for Boring Layout-continued
TABLE 7. Requirements for Boring Depths
TEST PITS
TABLE 8. Use, Capabilities and Limitations of test Pits and Trenches
Section 6. SAMPLING
TABLE 9. Common Samplers for Disturbed Soil Samples and Rock Cores
TABLE 9. Common Samplers for Disturbed Soil Samples and Rock Cores-continued - 3_220_100100
TABLE 9. Common Samplers for Disturbed Soil Samples and Rock Cores-continued - 3_220_100101
TABLE 10. Common Samplers for Undisturbed Samples
TABLE 10. Common Samplers for Undisturbed Samples-continued - 3_220_100103
TABLE 10. Common Samplers for Undisturbed Samples-continued - 3_220_100104
UNDISTURBED SAMPLES FROM TEST PITS
FIGURE 2. Standard Sizes, in inches, for Casings, Rods, Core Barrels, and Holes
TABLE 11. Sampling of Disintegrated Rock Zones
TABLE 12. Common Underwater Samplers
TABLE 12. Common Underwater Samplers-continued
Section 7. PENETRATION RESISTANCE TESTS
Cone Penetrometer Tests (CPT)
FIGURE 3. Correlations Between Relative Density and Standard Penetration Resistance in Accordance with Gibbs and Holtz
FIGURE 4. Correlations of Standard Penetration Resistance
FIGURE 5. Shear Modulus vs. N Values (SPT) at Very Small Strains
TABLE 13. Procedures Which May Affect the Measured "N" Values
TABLE 13. Procedures Which May Affect the Measured "N" Values-continued
FIGURE 6. Dutch Cone Penetrometer
Section 8. GROUNDWATER MEASUREMENTS
TABLE 14. Groundwater or Piezometric Level Monitoring Devices
FIGURE 7. Open Standpipe Piezometers
FIGURE 8. Porous Element Piezometers
Section 9. MEASUREMENT OF SOIL AND ROCK PROPERTIES IN SITU
FIGURE 9. Sources of Error and Corrective Methods in groundwater Pressure Measurements
FIGURE 10. Vane Shear Test Arrangement
DEFORMATION MODULI
FIGURE 11. Menard Pressuremeter Equipment
FIGURE 12. Analysis of Plate Bearing Tests
Factors Affecting Tests
FIGURE 13. Analysis of Permeability by Variable Head Tests
TABLE 15. Shape Factors for Computation of Permeability From Variable Head Tests
TABLE 15. Shape Factors for Computation of Permeability From Variable Head Tests-continued
FIGURE 14. Test Zone Isolation Methods
Percolation Test
IN-PLACE DENSITY
Section 10. FIELD INSTRUMENTATION
FIGURE 15. Example of Instrumentation Adjacent to a Building and Diaphragm Wall
Loads and Temperature
TABLE 16. Load and Temperature Devices in Walled Excavation Elements
TABLE 16. Load and Temperature Devices in Walled Excavation Elements-continued
REFERENCES - 3_220_100140
REFERENCES-continued - 3_220_100141
CHAPTER 3. LABORATORY TESTING
TABLE 1. Requirements for Index Properties Tests and Testing Standards
TABLE 1. Requirements for Index Properties Tests and Testing Standards-continued - 3_220_100144
TABLE 1. Requirements for Index Properties Tests and Testing Standards-continued - 3_220_100145
TABLE 2. Requirements for Structural Properties
TABLE 2. Requirements for Structural Properties-continued - 3_220_100147
TABLE 2. Requirements for Structural Properties-continued - 3_220_100148
TABLE 3. Requirements for Dynamic Tests
TABLE 4. Requirements for Compacted Samples Tests
TABLE 4. Requirements for Compacted Samples Tests-continued
TABLE 5. Soil Properties for Analysis and Design
TABLE 5. Soil Properties for Analysis and Design-continued - 3_220_100153
TABLE 5. Soil Properties for Analysis and Design-continued - 3_220_100154
TABLE 5. Soil Properties for Analysis and Design-continued - 3_220_100155
TABLE 5. Soil Properties for Analysis and Design-continued - 3_220_100156
TABLE 5. Soil Properties for Analysis and Design-continued - 3_220_100157
Index Properties Tests
Section 2. INDEX PROPERTIES TESTS
TABLE 6. Volume and Weight Relationships
TABLE 6. Volume and Weight Relationships-continued
Section 3. PERMEABILITY TESTS
Section 4. CONSOLIDATION TESTS
FIGURE 1. Permeability of Sands and Sand-Gravel Mixtures
FIGURE 2. Consolidation Test Relationships
PRECONSOLIDATION PRESSURE
FIGURE 3. Preconsolidation Pressure vs. Lquidity Index
SECONDARY COMPRESSION - 3_220_100168
FIGURE 4. Approximate Correlations for Consolidation Characteristics of Silts and Clays
Section 5. SHEAR STRENGTH TESTS
FIGURE 5. Triaxial Apparatus Schematic
FIGURE 6. Triaxial Shear Test Relationships
TEST SELECTION
FIGURE 7. Correlations of Strength Characteristics for Granular Soils
Type of Application
Section 5. DYNAMIC TESTING
TABLE 7. Capabilities of Dynamic Testing Apparatus
Section 7. TESTS ON COMPACTED SOILS
Section 8. TESTS ON ROCK
TABLE 8. Test Procedures for Intact Rock
ROCK QUALITY TESTS
TABLE 9. Test Procedures for Aggregate
REFERENCES - 3_220_100183
REFERENCES-continued - 3_220_100184
REFERENCES-continued - 3_220_100185
CHAPTER 4. DISTRIBUTION OF STRESSES
Section 3. STRESSES BENEATH STRUCTURES AND EMBANKMENTS
Vertical Stresses Beneath Regular Loads
FIGURE 1. Examples of Stress Conditions at a Point
FIGURE 2. Formulas for Stresses in Semi-Infinite Elastic Foundation
FIGURE 2. Formulas for Stresses in Semi-Infinite Elastic Foundation-continued
FIGURE 3. Stress Contours and Their Application
FIGURE 4. Influence Value for Vertical Stress Beneath a Corner of a Uniformly Loaded Rectangular Area
FIGURE 5. Influence Value for Vertical Stress Under Uniformly Loaded Circular Area
FIGURE 6. Influence Value for Vertical Stress Under Embankment Load of Infinite Length
FIGURE 7. Influence Value for Vertical Stress Beneath Triangular Load
FIGURE 8. Examples of Computation of Vertical Stress
FIGURE 9. Determination of Stress Below Corner of Uniformly Loaded Rectangular Area
FIGURE 10. Influence Chart for Vertical Stress Beneath Irregular Load
LAYERED OR ANISOTROPIC FOUNDATIONS
FIGURE 11. Vertical Stress Contours for Square and Strip Footings
FIGURE 12. Influence Value for Vertical Stress Beneath a Corner of a Uniformly Loaded Rectangular Area
FIGURE 13. Influence Value for Vertical Stress Beneath Triangular Load
FIGURE 14. Influence Values for Vertical Stresses Beneath Uniformly Loaded Circular Area
FIGURE 15. Stress Profile in a Two-Layer Soil Mass
RIGID LOADED AREA
FIGURE 16. Contact Pressure Under (a) Rigid Footings (b) Flexible Foundation on an Elastic Half Space
FIGURE 17. Influence Values for Vertical Stresses Around a Pile in an Elastic Solid
RIGID PIPE
FIGURE 18. Backfill Coefficients, Embankment Loads, and Load Factors for Rigid Conduits
FIGURE 18. Backfill Coefficients, Embankment Loads, and Load Factors for Rigid Conduits-continued
FIGURE 19. Vertical Pressure on Culvert Versus Height of Cover
FLEXIBLE STEEL PIPE
FIGURE 20. Pressure Coefficients for Corrugated Flexible Conduits
CONDUITS BENEATH EMBANKMENTS OF FINITE WIDTH
FIGURE 21. Example of Ring Deflection
Section 5. DEEP UNDERGROUND OPENINGS
FIGURE 22. Conduits Beneath Embankments of Finite Width
LOADS ON UNDERGROUND OPENINGS IN ROCK
TABLE 1. Overburden Rock Load Carried by Roof Support
OPENINGS IN SOFT GROUND
FIGURE 23. Load Action on Underground Opening in Earth
PRESSURE ON VERTICAL SHAFTS
TABLE 2. Loads For Temporary Supports in Earth Tunnels at Depths More Than 1.5 (B + H+t,)
TABLE 2. Loads For Temporary Supports in Earth Tunnels at Depths More Than 1.5 (B + H+t,)-continued
FIGURE 24. Coefficients for Active or Passive Pressures on Underground Cylindrical Shafts or Silos
Section 6. NUMERICAL STRESS ANALYSIS
REFERENCES - 3_220_100228
REFERENCES-continued - 3_220_100229
CHAPTER 5. ANALYSIS OF SETTLEMENT AND VOLUME EXPANSION
FIGURE 1. Consolidation Settlement Analysis
FIGURE 2. Profiles of Vertical Stresses Before Construction
FIGURE 2. Profiles of Vertical Stresses Before Construction-continued
Section 3. INSTANTANEOUS SETTLEMENT
FIGURE 3. Computation of Total Settlement for Various Loading Conditions
TOTAL SETTLEMENT IN GRANULAR SOILS
TABLE 1. Shape and Rigidity Factors I for Calculating Settlements of Points on Loaded Areas
TABLE 1. Shape and Rigidity Factors I for Calculating Settlements of Points on Loaded Areas-continued - 3_220_100238
TABLE 1. Shape and Rigidity Factors I for Calculating Settlements of Points on Loaded Areas-continued - 3_220_100239
TABLE 2. Relationship Between Undrained Modulus and Overconsolidation Ratio
FIGURE 4a. Relationship Between Settlement Ratio and Applied Stress Ratio for Strip Foundation on Homogeneous Isotropic Layer
FIGURE 4b. Relationship Between Initial Shear Stress and Overconsolidation Ratio
FIGURE 5. Example of Immediate Settlement Computations in Clay
FIGURE 6. Instantaneous Settlement of isolated Footings on Coarse-Grained Soils
FIGURE 7. Settlement of Footings Over Granular Soils - 3_220_100245
FIGURE 7. Settlement of Footings Over Granular Soils-continued
FIGURE 7. Settlement of Footings Over Granular Soils - 3_220_100247
Section 4. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SETTLEMENTS
TABLE 3. Estimates of Coefficient of Consolidation (C+c,)
FIGURE 8. Relation Between Settlement Ratio and Overconsolidation Ratio
TIME RATE OF PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION
FIGURE 9. Time Rate of Consolidation for Vertical Drainage Due to Instantaneous Loading
FIGURE 10. Vertical Sand Drains and Settlement Time Rate 7.1-228
FIGURE 11. Monograph for Consolidation With Vertical Drainage
FIGURE 12. Effect of Drainage Conditions on Time Rate of Consolidation
SECONDARY COMPRESSION - 3_220_100256
FIGURE 13. Time Rate of Consolidation for Gradual Load Application
FIGURE 14. Coefficient of Consolidation from Field Measurements
FIGURE 14. Coefficient of Consolidation from Field Measurements-continued
FIGURE 15. Procedure for Determining the Pate of Consolidation for All Soil Systems Containing "N" layers
FIGURE 15. Procedure for Determining the Pate of Consolidation for All Soil Systems Containing "N" layers-continued
FIGURE 16. Coefficient of Secondary Compressions as Related to Natural Water Content
Section 5. TOLERABLE AND DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
TABLE 4. Tolerable Settlements for Building
TABLE 5. Tolerable Differential Settlement for Miscellaneous Structures
Section 6. METHODS OF REDUCING OR ACCELERATING SETTLEMENT
TABLE 6. Methods of Reducing or Accelerating Settlement or Coping with Settlement
TABLE 6. Methods of Reducing or Accelerating Settlement or Coping with Settlement-continued
BALANCING LOAD BY EXCAVATION
FIGURE 17. Surcharge Load Required to Eliminate Settlement Under Final Load
VERTICAL DRAINS
TABLE 7. Common Types of Vertical Drains
FIGURE 18. Data for Typical Sand Drain Installation
FIGURE 19. Nomograph for Consolidation with Radial Drainage to Vertical Sand Drain
FIGURE 20. Example of Surcharge and Sand Drain Design
FIGURE 20. Example of Surcharge and Sand Drain Design-continued
FIGURE 21. Allowance for Smear Effect in Sand Drain Design
Section 7. ANALYSIS OF VOLUME EXPANSION
TABLE 8. Heave from Volume Change
TABLE 8. Heave from Volume Change-continued
FIGURE 22. Computation of Swell of Dessicated Clays
REFERENCES - 3_220_100282
REFERENCES-continued - 3_220_100283
CHAPTER 5. SEEPAGE AND DRAINAGE
FIGURE 1. Flow Net Construction and Seepage Analysis
FIGURE 1. Flow Net Construction and Seepage Analysis-continued
SEEPAGE FORCES
Section 3. SEEPAGE CONTROL BY CUTOFF
TABLE 1. Cutoff Methods for Seepage Control
TABLE 1. Cutoff Methods for Seepage Control-continued - 3_220_100290
TABLE 1. Cutoff Methods for Seepage Control-continued - 3_220_100291
Penetration Required
FIGURE 2. Penetration of Cut Off Wall to Prevent Pipings in Isotropic Sand
FIGURE 3. Penetration of Cut Off Wall Required to Prevent Piping in Stratified Sand
FIGURE 3. Penetration of Cut Off Wall Required to Prevent Piping in Stratified Sand-continued
Section 4. DESIGN OF DRAINAGE BLANKET AND FILTERS
FIGURE 4. Design Criteria for Protective Filters
FIGURE 4. Design Criteria for Protective Filters-continued
Non-woven filter cloths
DRAINAGE BLANKET
FIGURE 5. Typical Filter and Drainage Blanket Applications
FIGURE 6. Permeability and Capillarity of Drainage Materials
FIGURE 7. Analysis of Drainage Layer Performance
Section 5. WELLPOINT SYSTEMS AND DEEP WELLS
FIGURE 8. Intercepting Drains for Roadways on a Slope
FIGURE 9. Rate of Seepage into Drainage Trench
WELLPOINT SYSTEMS
PUMPING WELLS
FIGURE 10. Groundwater Lowering by Pumping Wells
FIGURE 11. Drainage of Artesian Layer by Line of Relief Wells
Section 6. LININGS FOR RESERVOIRS AND POLLUTION CONTROL FACILITIES
TABLE 2. Impermeable Reservoir Linings
TABLE 2. Impermeable Reservoir Linings-continued
SURFACE EROSION CONTROL
FIGURE 12. Nomograph for Determining Soil Erodibility (K) for Universal Soil Loss Equation
TABLE 3. Typical Erosion Control Practice
TABLE 3. Typical Erosion Control Practice-continued - 3_220_100317
TABLE 3. Typical Erosion Control Practice-continued - 3_220_100318
TABLE 3. Typical Erosion Control Practice-continued - 3_220_100319
TABLE 3. Typical Erosion Control Practice-continued - 3_220_100320
TABLE 3. Typical Erosion Control Practice-continued - 3_220_100321
TABLE 3. Typical Erosion Control Practice-continued - 3_220_100322
TABLE 3. Typical Erosion Control Practice-continued - 3_220_100323
TABLE 3. Typical Erosion Control Practice-continued - 3_220_100324
TABLE 4. Limiting Flow Velocities to Minimize Erosion
SEDIMENT CONTROL
FIGURE 13. Capacity of Sediment Control Ponds
FIGURE 13. Capacity of Sediment Control Ponds-continued
FIGURE 14. Design Criteria for Riprap and Filter on Earth Embankments
FIGURE 14. Design Criteria for Riprap and Filter on Earth Embankments-continued
REFERENCES - 3_220_100331
REFERENCES-continued - 3_220_100332
CHAPTER 7. SLOPE STABILITY AND PROTECTION
TABLE 1. Analysis of Stability of Natural Slopes
TABLE 1. Analysis of Stability of Natural Slopes-continued
TABLE 2. Analysis of Stability of Cut and Fill Slopes, Conditions Varying with Time
EFFECT OF SOIL OR ROCK TYPE
Section 3. METHODS OF ANALYSIS
FIGURE 1. Method of Slices - Simplified Bishop Method
FIGURE 1. Method of Slices - Simplified Bishop Method-continued - 3_220_100341
FIGURE 1. Method of Slices - Simplified Bishop Method-continued - 3_220_100342
SLOPE STABILITY CHARTS
FIGURE 2. Stability Analysis for Slopes in Cohesive Soils, Undrained Conditions
FIGURE 3. Center of Critical Circle, Slope in Cohesive Soil
FIGURE 4. Influence of Surcharge, Submergence, and Tension Cracks on Stability
FIGURE 5. Design of Beams for Embankments on Soft Clays
FIGURE 6. Stability Analysis of Translational Failure
FIGURE 6. Stability Analysis of Translational Failure-continued
FIGURE 7. Example of Stability Analysis of Translational Failure
FIGURE 7. Example of Stability Analysis of Translational Failure-continued - 3_220_100351
FIGURE 7. Example of Stability Analysis of Translational Failure-continued - 3_220_100352
FIGURE 8. Stability of Rock Slope
EARTHQUAKE LOADING
FIGURE 9. Earthquake Loading on Slopes
Section 4. EFFECTS OF SOIL PARAMETERS AND GROUNDWATER ON STABILITY
FIGURE 10. Correction Factors RE and RF to Account for Progressive Failure in Embankments
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER AND EXCESS PORE PRESSURE
TABLE 3. Pore Pressure Conditions for Stability Analysis Homogeneous Embankment
Section 5. SLOPE STABILIZATION
TABLE 4. Methods of Stabilizing Excavation Slopes
TABLE 4. Methods of Stabilizing Excavation Slopes-continued
Section 6. SLOPE PROTECTION
FIGURE 11. Influence of Stabilizing Pile on Safety Factor
FIGURE 11. Influence of Stabilizing Pile on Safety Factor-continued
FIGURE 12. Pile Stabilized Slope
FIGURE 13. Example Calculation - Pile Stabilized Slopes
FIGURE 13. Example Calculation - Pile Stabilized Slopes-continued - 3_220_100368
FIGURE 13. Example Calculation - Pile Stabilized Slopes-continued - 3_220_100369
FIGURE 13. Example Calculation - Pile Stabilized Slopes-continued - 3_220_100370
TYPES OF PROTECTION AVAILABLE
TABLE 5. Thickness and Gradation Limits of Dumped Riprap
REFERENCES - 3_220_100373
BIBLIOGRAPHY - 3_220_100374
BIBLIOGRAPHY-continued - 3_220_100375
APPENDIX A. Listing of Computer Programs
APPENDIX A. Listing of Computer Programs-continued
GLOSSARY - 3_220_100378
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_220_100379
SYMBOLS
SYMBOLS-continued - 3_220_100381
SYMBOLS-continued - 3_220_100382
SYMBOLS-continued - 3_220_100383
SYMBOLS-continued - 3_220_100384
SYMBOLS-continued - 3_220_100385
INDEX - 3_220_100386
INDEX-continued - 3_220_100387
INDEX-continued - 3_220_100388
INDEX-continued - 3_220_100389
INDEX-continued - 3_220_100390
INDEX-continued - 3_220_100391
INDEX-continued - 3_220_100392
INDEX-continued - 3_220_100393
INDEX-continued - 3_220_100394
3_220_10
