DESIGN: COOLING BUILDINGS BY NATURAL VENTILATION
Record of Changes - 3_440_060002
FOREWORD - 3_440_060003
CONTENTS - 3_440_060004
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION - 3_440_060005
REFERENCES-continued - 3_440_060006
APPENDIX A. MIL-HDBK 1011/2 COOLING BUILDINGS BY NATURAL VENTILATION
CCB Application Notes - 3_440_060008
MILITARY HANDBOOK COOLING BUILDINGS BY NATURAL VENTILATION
Changes since this manual was published
FOREWORD - 3_440_060013
TROPICAL ENGINEERING CRITERIA MANUALS
CONTENTS - 3_440_060015
CONTENTS-continued - 3_440_060016
CONTENTS-continued - 3_440_060017
CONTENTS-continued - 3_440_060018
TABLES - 3_440_060019
Section 1: INTRODUCTION - 3_440_060021
Objective
Responsibilities of Planners and Designers
Section 2: COOLING BY NATURAL VENTILATION
Structural Cooling
Combinations of Bodily and Structural Cooling
Earth Cooling
Required Air Velocities for Human Comfort
Section 3: DESIGN CRITERIA - 3_440_060031
Building Envelope and Structure - 3_440_060032
Special Considerations - 3_440_060033
Analysis and Testing Procedure
Building Design for Zoned and Seasonal Combinations
Special Considerations - 3_440_060036
Section 4: BUILDING DESIGN FEATURES AND PRACTICES
Figure 6. Natural Ventilation Design and Analysis Flowchart
Obstructions
Figure 7. Effect of Wind Incidence Angle, and the Length and Shape of Obstructions on Downwind Wake
Homogeneity or Variability of Building Height
Thermal and Other Considerations
Landscaping - 3_440_060043
Effect of Porosity of the Windbreak on Sheltered Area
Figure 11. Shelter Ground Windbreaks
Figure 12. Effect of Wind Incidence Angle on Sheltered Area
Change in the Direction and Velocity of Airflow
Other Considerations - 3_440_060048
Optimal Shape and Orientation
Resolving Conflicts between Thermal and Wind Orientations
Elevated Buildings
Building Envelope and Structure - 3_440_060052
Figure 20. Direct Irradiation Values in Btu/Ft/Hr for 26˚N Latitude
Ventilators
Figure 23. Roof-Ventilators--Performance of Simple Flat-Plate Ventilators
Wingwalls
Placement and Size
Windows - 3_440_060058
Figure 27. Air Flow Patterns and Pressure Zones
The Vertical Location in the Wall
Window Shape
Table 2. Window Type and Interior Airflow Characteristics
Figure 32. Window Shape Performance in Relation to Wind Direction
Insect Screening
Separation of Functions
Wind Admitting Devices
Horizontal Shading Devices
Figure 38. The Effects of Horizontal Exterior Shading on Interior Airflow
Glazing Type
Ventilative Considerations
Internal Drapes and Blinds
Auxiliary Fan Systems
Whole-House Fans
Section 5: OCCUPANT AND MAINTENANCE MANUALS
APPENDIX A. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
CONTENTS - 3_440_060079
TABLES - 3_440_060080
Section 1: PEOPLE AND COMFORT
Table A-1. Metabolic Rates
Figure A-1. Bioclimatic Chart with Example Points
The Bioclimatic Chart
Section 2: CLIMATE AND MICROCLIMATE
Temperature - 3_440_060086
Vegetation - 3_440_060087
Figure A-4. Wind Velocity Profiles Near Trees
Local Winds
Figure A-6. Slope Winds
Section 3. PREDICTING AIRFLOW AROUND NEARBY BUILDINGS AND OBSTRUCTIONS
Figure A-8. Pressure Zones and Wake Cavity
Airflow Around Multiple Buildings
Pressure Connection Effect
Venturi Effect
Pyramid Effect
APPENDIX B. CLIMATE ANALYSIS METHOD
CONTENTS - 3_440_060100
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
Climate Data from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)
Figure B-1. Overlay 1-- Ventilation
Figure B-2. Overlay 2-- Thermal Mass and Nocturnal Ventilation
Figure B-3. Overlay-- Evaporative Cooling
Figure B-4. Overlay 4--Determining the Air Conditioning Requirements
Figure B-5. Bioclimatic Chart
Figure B-7. Determining the Cooling Strategy
Annual Summary--Cooling
Annual Summary--Infiltration
DETERMINING NEED FOR HEATING EQUIPMENT
DETERMINING THE MONTHLY FEASIBILITY OF A COOLING STRATEGY
DETERMINING NEED FOR CEILING OR WHOLE-HOUSE FANS-continued
Figure B-10. Preliminary Climatic Analysis
Figure B-11. Climatic Analysis Summary Worksheet
Figure B-11. Climatic Analysis Summary Worksheet-continued - 3_440_060117
Figure B-11. Climatic Analysis Summary Worksheet-continued - 3_440_060118
Figure B-11. Climatic Analysis Summary Worksheet-continued - 3_440_060119
Figure B-11. Climatic Analysis Summary Worksheet-continued - 3_440_060120
APPENDIX C. PREDICTION AND EVALUATION METHODS
CONTENTS - 3_440_060124
FIGURES - 3_440_060125
Section 1: AIR MOVEMENT BY NATURAL VENTILATION
OPTION 2
Figure C-2. Pressure Coefficient Planes and Wind Incidence Angles for One- to Two-Story Buildings
Figure C-3. PRessure Coefficient Planes and Wind Incidence Angles for Two- to Six-Story Buildings
Figure C-4. Building Type Description
Table C-4. Terrain Correction Factor (TCF)
Check for Required Airspeed
Check for Required Airspeed-continued
ASHRAE Wind and Thermal Buoyancy (Stack Effect) Formulae
Estimating Quantity of Inlet Air
Flow Due to Wind--Openings in Series
Wind Tunnel Testing
Wind Tunnel Models
Immediate Surroundings
Reynolds Number for Flow Through Screens and Louvers
Instrumentation - 3_440_060141
Procedure 2--Indirect Velocity Measurement
Field Modeling
Model Requirements
Section 2: INTERIOR TEMPERATURES
Computer Models of Interior Temperatures
Computer Programs for Thermal Analysis-continued
Section 3: OCCUPANT COMFORT
Section 4: WHOLE-HOUSE FAN SIZING PROCEDURE
APPENDIX D. ORKED EXAMPLE OF THE CLIMATE ANALYSIS AND WINDOW SIZING PROCEDURE
CONTENTS - 3_440_060156
Section 1: BUILDING IN HOT HUMID ENVIRONMENT, OAHU, HAWAII
Figure D-2. Plans of Building #1031
Figure D-4. Cross-Section of Building #1031
Figure D-6. Psychrometric Summary/Month All
Figure D-7. Psychrometric Summary/Month Jan
Figure D-8. Psychrometric Summary/Month Jan
Figure D-9. Surface Winds/Month Aug
Figure D-10. Surface Winds/Month Sep
Figure D-11. Climate Analysis Summary Worksheet
Window Sizing Procedure
Window Sizing Procedure-continued
Results of the Window Sizing Procedure
GLOSSARY - 3_440_060170
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_440_060171
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_440_060172
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_440_060173
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_440_060174
REFERENCES - 3_440_060176
REFERENCES-continued - 3_440_060177
REFERENCES-continued - 3_440_060178
BIBLIOGRAPHY - 3_440_060180
BIBLIOGRAPHY-continued - 3_440_060181
BIBLIOGRAPHY-continued - 3_440_060182
BIBLIOGRAPHY-continued - 3_440_060183
3_440_06
Record of Changes - 3_440_060002
FOREWORD - 3_440_060003
CONTENTS - 3_440_060004
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION - 3_440_060005
REFERENCES-continued - 3_440_060006
APPENDIX A. MIL-HDBK 1011/2 COOLING BUILDINGS BY NATURAL VENTILATION
CCB Application Notes - 3_440_060008
MILITARY HANDBOOK COOLING BUILDINGS BY NATURAL VENTILATION
Changes since this manual was published
FOREWORD - 3_440_060013
TROPICAL ENGINEERING CRITERIA MANUALS
CONTENTS - 3_440_060015
CONTENTS-continued - 3_440_060016
CONTENTS-continued - 3_440_060017
CONTENTS-continued - 3_440_060018
TABLES - 3_440_060019
Section 1: INTRODUCTION - 3_440_060021
Objective
Responsibilities of Planners and Designers
Section 2: COOLING BY NATURAL VENTILATION
Structural Cooling
Combinations of Bodily and Structural Cooling
Earth Cooling
Required Air Velocities for Human Comfort
Section 3: DESIGN CRITERIA - 3_440_060031
Building Envelope and Structure - 3_440_060032
Special Considerations - 3_440_060033
Analysis and Testing Procedure
Building Design for Zoned and Seasonal Combinations
Special Considerations - 3_440_060036
Section 4: BUILDING DESIGN FEATURES AND PRACTICES
Figure 6. Natural Ventilation Design and Analysis Flowchart
Obstructions
Figure 7. Effect of Wind Incidence Angle, and the Length and Shape of Obstructions on Downwind Wake
Homogeneity or Variability of Building Height
Thermal and Other Considerations
Landscaping - 3_440_060043
Effect of Porosity of the Windbreak on Sheltered Area
Figure 11. Shelter Ground Windbreaks
Figure 12. Effect of Wind Incidence Angle on Sheltered Area
Change in the Direction and Velocity of Airflow
Other Considerations - 3_440_060048
Optimal Shape and Orientation
Resolving Conflicts between Thermal and Wind Orientations
Elevated Buildings
Building Envelope and Structure - 3_440_060052
Figure 20. Direct Irradiation Values in Btu/Ft/Hr for 26˚N Latitude
Ventilators
Figure 23. Roof-Ventilators--Performance of Simple Flat-Plate Ventilators
Wingwalls
Placement and Size
Windows - 3_440_060058
Figure 27. Air Flow Patterns and Pressure Zones
The Vertical Location in the Wall
Window Shape
Table 2. Window Type and Interior Airflow Characteristics
Figure 32. Window Shape Performance in Relation to Wind Direction
Insect Screening
Separation of Functions
Wind Admitting Devices
Horizontal Shading Devices
Figure 38. The Effects of Horizontal Exterior Shading on Interior Airflow
Glazing Type
Ventilative Considerations
Internal Drapes and Blinds
Auxiliary Fan Systems
Whole-House Fans
Section 5: OCCUPANT AND MAINTENANCE MANUALS
APPENDIX A. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
CONTENTS - 3_440_060079
TABLES - 3_440_060080
Section 1: PEOPLE AND COMFORT
Table A-1. Metabolic Rates
Figure A-1. Bioclimatic Chart with Example Points
The Bioclimatic Chart
Section 2: CLIMATE AND MICROCLIMATE
Temperature - 3_440_060086
Vegetation - 3_440_060087
Figure A-4. Wind Velocity Profiles Near Trees
Local Winds
Figure A-6. Slope Winds
Section 3. PREDICTING AIRFLOW AROUND NEARBY BUILDINGS AND OBSTRUCTIONS
Figure A-8. Pressure Zones and Wake Cavity
Airflow Around Multiple Buildings
Pressure Connection Effect
Venturi Effect
Pyramid Effect
APPENDIX B. CLIMATE ANALYSIS METHOD
CONTENTS - 3_440_060100
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
Climate Data from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)
Figure B-1. Overlay 1-- Ventilation
Figure B-2. Overlay 2-- Thermal Mass and Nocturnal Ventilation
Figure B-3. Overlay-- Evaporative Cooling
Figure B-4. Overlay 4--Determining the Air Conditioning Requirements
Figure B-5. Bioclimatic Chart
Figure B-7. Determining the Cooling Strategy
Annual Summary--Cooling
Annual Summary--Infiltration
DETERMINING NEED FOR HEATING EQUIPMENT
DETERMINING THE MONTHLY FEASIBILITY OF A COOLING STRATEGY
DETERMINING NEED FOR CEILING OR WHOLE-HOUSE FANS-continued
Figure B-10. Preliminary Climatic Analysis
Figure B-11. Climatic Analysis Summary Worksheet
Figure B-11. Climatic Analysis Summary Worksheet-continued - 3_440_060117
Figure B-11. Climatic Analysis Summary Worksheet-continued - 3_440_060118
Figure B-11. Climatic Analysis Summary Worksheet-continued - 3_440_060119
Figure B-11. Climatic Analysis Summary Worksheet-continued - 3_440_060120
APPENDIX C. PREDICTION AND EVALUATION METHODS
CONTENTS - 3_440_060124
FIGURES - 3_440_060125
Section 1: AIR MOVEMENT BY NATURAL VENTILATION
OPTION 2
Figure C-2. Pressure Coefficient Planes and Wind Incidence Angles for One- to Two-Story Buildings
Figure C-3. PRessure Coefficient Planes and Wind Incidence Angles for Two- to Six-Story Buildings
Figure C-4. Building Type Description
Table C-4. Terrain Correction Factor (TCF)
Check for Required Airspeed
Check for Required Airspeed-continued
ASHRAE Wind and Thermal Buoyancy (Stack Effect) Formulae
Estimating Quantity of Inlet Air
Flow Due to Wind--Openings in Series
Wind Tunnel Testing
Wind Tunnel Models
Immediate Surroundings
Reynolds Number for Flow Through Screens and Louvers
Instrumentation - 3_440_060141
Procedure 2--Indirect Velocity Measurement
Field Modeling
Model Requirements
Section 2: INTERIOR TEMPERATURES
Computer Models of Interior Temperatures
Computer Programs for Thermal Analysis-continued
Section 3: OCCUPANT COMFORT
Section 4: WHOLE-HOUSE FAN SIZING PROCEDURE
APPENDIX D. ORKED EXAMPLE OF THE CLIMATE ANALYSIS AND WINDOW SIZING PROCEDURE
CONTENTS - 3_440_060156
Section 1: BUILDING IN HOT HUMID ENVIRONMENT, OAHU, HAWAII
Figure D-2. Plans of Building #1031
Figure D-4. Cross-Section of Building #1031
Figure D-6. Psychrometric Summary/Month All
Figure D-7. Psychrometric Summary/Month Jan
Figure D-8. Psychrometric Summary/Month Jan
Figure D-9. Surface Winds/Month Aug
Figure D-10. Surface Winds/Month Sep
Figure D-11. Climate Analysis Summary Worksheet
Window Sizing Procedure
Window Sizing Procedure-continued
Results of the Window Sizing Procedure
GLOSSARY - 3_440_060170
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_440_060171
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_440_060172
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_440_060173
GLOSSARY-continued - 3_440_060174
REFERENCES - 3_440_060176
REFERENCES-continued - 3_440_060177
REFERENCES-continued - 3_440_060178
BIBLIOGRAPHY - 3_440_060180
BIBLIOGRAPHY-continued - 3_440_060181
BIBLIOGRAPHY-continued - 3_440_060182
BIBLIOGRAPHY-continued - 3_440_060183
3_440_06
